Sulfones, epoxy

Goobich, J., and Marom, G., Moisture Absorption by Tetraglycidyl 4,4/-Diaminodiphenyl Methane/4,4 Diamino-diphenyl Sulfone Epoxies Containing Brominated Epoxy Copolymers, Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 22, 1982, p. 1052. 

Hedrick, J.L. Yilgdr, I. Wilkes, G.L. McGrath, J.E. Chemical modification of matrix resin networks with engineering thermoplastics. I. Phenolic hydroxyl terminated poly(aryl ether sulfone)-epoxy systems. Polym. Bull. 1985, 13, 201-208. 

Das, G., Kalita, R.D., Deka, H., Buragohain, A.K., Karak, N., 2013. Biodegradation, c)4o-compatability and performance studies of vegetable oil based hyperbranched pol3mrethane modified biocompatible sulfonated epoxy resin/clay nanocomposites. Progress in Organic Coatings 76, 1103-1111. 

The reaction is completed after 6—8 h at 95°C volatiles, water, and some free phenol are removed by vacuum stripping up to 140—170°C. For resins requiring phenol in only trace amounts, such as epoxy hardeners, steam distillation or steam stripping may be used. Both water and free phenol affect the cure and final resin properties, which are monitored in routine quaHty control testing by gc. OxaHc acid (1—2 parts per 100 parts phenol) does not require neutralization because it decomposes to CO, CO2, and water furthermore, it produces milder reactions and low color. Sulfuric and sulfonic acids are strong catalysts and require neutralization with lime 0.1 parts of sulfuric acid per 100 parts of phenol are used. A continuous process for novolak resin production has been described (31,32). An alternative process for making novolaks without acid catalysis has also been reported (33), which uses a... 

Sulfonic acid salts have found widespread use in the area of corrosion inhibition. Lubrizol Corporation produces a wide variety of sulfonic acids, particularly in the form of magnesium salts, for use in lubricant formulations, anticorrosion coatings, greases, and resins (146,147). Petroleum sulfonates are used in epoxy resin elastomers to improve anticorrosion properties of coatings and sealants (qv) (148,149). 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been Hsted in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antisHp and antistatic properties to nylon, acryUc, and polyester fabrics. CycHc polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dibydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0] hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotria2ine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acryUc polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of usehil products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

Eor more demanding uses at higher temperatures, for example, in aircraft and aerospace and certain electrical and electronic appHcations, multifunctional epoxy resin systems based on epoxy novolac resins and the tetraglycidyl amine of methylenedianiline are used. The tetraglycidyl amine of methylenedianiline is currently the epoxy resin most often used in advance composites. Tetraglycidyl methylenedianiline [28768-32-3] (TGALDA) cured with diamino diphenyl sulfone [80-08-0] (DDS) was the first system to meet the performance requirements of the aerospace industry and is still used extensively. 

Epoxy Polyimide PEEK Polyamideimide Polyetherimidc Polysulfone sulfone Polyphenylene Phenolics... 

There have been two general approaches to the direct asymmetric epoxidation of carbonyl-containing compounds (Scheme 1.2) ylide-mediated epoxidation for the construction of aryl and vinyl epoxides, and a-halo enolate epoxidation (Darzens reaction) for the construction of epoxy esters, acids, amides, and sulfones. 

Addition of methyllithium to a cyclic /i, y -epoxy-a,/i-unsaturated sulfone gave predominately the m-alcohol as product20. 

An interesting new method for the conversion of [I, y-epoxy sulfones (82) to cyclo-alkenones (85) has been developed61. It includes the addition of alkyllithium to y-hydroxy-a,/ -unsaturated sulfones generated from 82 and the alkylation of sulfonyl carbanion thus formed. Oxidation of the resulting y-hydroxy sulfone to 84 followed by elimination of benzenesulfinic acid gives the desired product 85 in good yields (equation 72)61. 

Desulfurization of fl, a-epoxy sulfones 239 prepared from allylic sulfones 238 and m-chloroperbenzoic acid with sodium amalgam leads to the formation of allyl alcohols (240) in good yields (equation 144)138. Allyl alcohols prepared by this method are listed in Table 16. 

Watt and coworkers139 prepared the a-azidoaldehydes (242) by nucleophilic ring opening with sulfinate ion expulsion of a, /(-epoxy sulfones 241 with sodium azide in DMF... 

The intrinsic moisture sensitivity of the epoxy resins is traceable directly to the molecular structure. The presence of polar and hydrogen bonding groups, such as hydroxyls, amines, sulfones and tertiary nitrogen provides the chemical basis for moisture sensitivity, while the available free volume and nodular network structure represent its physical aspect. 

Cleavage of carbonyl-containing selenoxides and sulfones Fragmentation of epoxy hydrazones Rearrangement of vinylic hydroxycyclopropanes Rearrangement of 3-hydroxy-1,5-dienes (oxy-Cope)... 

When two polymers interact or react with each other, they are likely to provide a compatible, even a miscible, blend. Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) interacts with chloro-sulfonated polyethylene (Hypalon) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) forming partially miscible and miscible blends, respectively, due to the reaction between chlorosulfonic acid group and chlorine with epoxy group of ENR. Chiu et al. have studied the blends of chlorinated polyethylene (CR) with ENR at blend ratios of 75 25, 50 50, and 25 75, as well as pure rubbers using sulfur (Sg), 2-mercapto-benzothiazole, and 2-benzothiazole disulfide as vulcanizing agents [32]. They have studied Mooney viscosity, scorch... 

Phenol was originally recovered during the coking of coal, essentially being a by-product. Eventually, commercial routes were developed based on benzene (from coal or petroleum) for example, sulfonation of benzene to ben-zenesulfonic acid followed by reaction with water to phenol plus regenerated sulfuric acid. Phenol is used to make plastics (phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy resins) and textile fibers (nylon). Phenol is also used in solution as a general disinfectant for cleaning toilets, stables, floors, drains, etc. and is used both internally and externally as a disinfectant for animals. 

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