Sulfates applications

Han F.X., Hargreaves J., Kingery W.L., Huggett D.B., Schlenk D.K. Accumulation, distribution and toxicity of copper in soils of catfish pond receiving periodic copper sulfate applications. J Environ Qual 2001b 30 912-919. 

Sulfate was poor at preventing arsenate and molybdate sorption onto metal oxides and soils (Wu et al., 2001 Violante et al., 2005b), but reduced the sorption of selenate significantly (Wu et al., 2001). The alleviating effect of sulfate application on arsenic toxicity has also been reported (review by Kitagishi and Yamane, 1981). 

Persson, H., Von Ericks, Y., Majdi, H., 1995. Root distribution in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand subjected to drought and ammonium sulfate application. Plant Soil 168-169, 161-165. 

Sire, M. F. Vernier, J. M. Lipid staining of semithin sections with Sudan black B or Nile blue sulfate application to intestinal fat absorption. Acta Histochem. Cytochem. 1980,13, 193-201. 

As an example of the application of the method, Neumann and Tanner [54] followed the variation with time of the surface tension of aqueous sodium dode-cyl sulfate solutions. Their results are shown in Fig. 11-15, and it is seen that a slow but considerable change occurred. 

It was pointed out in Section XIII-4A that if the contact angle between a solid particle and two liquid phases is finite, a stable position for the particle is at the liquid-liquid interface. Coalescence is inhibited because it takes work to displace the particle from the interface. In addition, one can account for the type of emulsion that is formed, 0/W or W/O, simply in terms of the contact angle value. As illustrated in Fig. XIV-7, the bulk of the particle will lie in that liquid that most nearly wets it, and by what seems to be a correct application of the early oriented wedge" principle (see Ref. 48), this liquid should then constitute the outer phase. Furthermore, the action of surfactants should be predictable in terms of their effect on the contact angle. This was, indeed, found to be the case in a study by Schulman and Leja [49] on the stabilization of emulsions by barium sulfate. 

J. Rebek, Jr., (1987) first developed a new synthesis of Kemp s acid and then extensively explored its application in model studies. The synthesis involves the straightforward hydrogenation (A. Steitz, 1968), esterification and methylation of inexpensive 1,3,5-benzenetricar-boxylic acid (trimesic acid 30/100 g). The methylation of the trimethyl ester with dimethyl sulfate, mediated by lithium diisopropylamide (V. J. Shiner, 1981), produced mainly the desired aff-cis-1,3,5-trimethyl isomer, which was saponified to give Kemp s acid. 

Rigid Applications. The use of the lead stabilizers is very limited in the United States but, they are stiU used in several rigid PVC appHcations in Europe and Asia. The highest use of lead stabilizers in rigid PVC is for pipe and conduit appHcations. Tribasic lead sulfate is the primary heat stabilizer with lead stearates included to provide lubrication. The lead products are typically fully formulated, usually including lubricants and pigments for pipe extmsion appHcations. These lead one-packs, when used at about 1.8—2.5 phr, provide all of the stabilizer and lubrication needed to process the polymer. A lead one-pack contains tribasic lead sulfate, dibasic lead stearate calcium stearate, polyethylene wax, paraffin wax, ester wax, and pigments. 

In other applications of CT, orally administered barium sulfate or a water-soluble iodinated CM is used to opacify the GI tract. Xenon, atomic number 54, exhibits similar x-ray absorption properties to those of iodine. It rapidly diffuses across the blood brain barrier after inhalation to saturate different tissues of brain as a function of its lipid solubility. In preliminary investigations (99), xenon gas inhalation prior to brain CT has provided useful information for evaluations of local cerebral blood flow and cerebral tissue abnormalities. Xenon exhibits an anesthetic effect at high concentrations but otherwise is free of physiological effects because of its nonreactive nature. 

Other Applications. Hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid [2950-43-8] h.2is many applications in the area of organic synthesis. The use of this material for organic transformations has been thoroughly reviewed (125,126). The preparation of the acid involves the reaction of hydroxjlamine [5470-11-1] with oleum in the presence of ammonium sulfate [7783-20-2] (127). The acid has found appHcation in the preparation of hydra2ines from amines, aUphatic amines from activated methylene compounds, aromatic amines from activated aromatic compounds, amides from esters, and oximes. It is also an important reagent in reductive deamination and specialty nitrile production. 

Other Applications. Among other industrial uses of lime are causticizing agent in kraft (sulfate) paper (qv) plants recovery of ammonia (qv) from NH4CI (Solvay process) recovery of magnesium (qv) from seawater and brines via precipitation of Mg(OH)2 production of pesticides such as... 

Typical applications in the chemical field (Beaver, op. cit.) include detarring of manufactured gas, removal of acid mist and impurities in contact sulfuric acid plants, recovery of phosphoric acid mists, removal of dusts in gases from roasters, sintering machines, calciners, cement and lime Idlns, blast furnaces, carbon-black furnaces, regenerators on fluid-catalyst units, chemical-recoveiy furnaces in soda and sulfate pulp mills, and gypsum kettles. Figure 17-74 shows a vertical-flow steel-plate-type precipitator similar to a type used for catalyst-dust collection in certain fluid-catalyst plants. 

Recently, tests have been developed that do not require culturing of sulfate reducers. These tests are based on detecting certain compounds produced by the sulfate reducers and have applicability (in some cases) even if the producing organisms have recently died. Laboratory studies have shown adequate agreement between such tests and live culture analyses when viable organisms are present. 

Pure aluminum is used in the electrolysis protection process, which does not passivate in the presence of chloride and sulfate ions. In water very low in salt with a conductivity of x < 40 yUS cm" the polarization can increase greatly, so that the necessary protection current density can no longer be reached. Further limits to its application exist at pH values < 6.0 and >8.5 because there the solubility of Al(OH)3 becomes too high and its film-forming action is lost [19]. The aluminum anodes are designed for a life of 2 to 3 years. After that they must be renewed. The protection currents are indicated by means of an ammeter and/or a current-operated light diode. In addition to the normal monitoring by service personnel, a qualified firm should inspect the rectifier equipment annually. 

Applicability Self-cementing processes require large amounts of calcium sulfate and calcium sulfite and are appropriate for immobilizing heavy metals. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Sulfated neatsfoot oil, sodium salt Chemical Formula Not applicable. 

Precipitation is often applied to the removal of most metals from wastewater including zinc, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride, lead, manganese, and mercury. Also, certain anionic species can be removed by precipitation, such as phosphate, sulfate, and fluoride. Note that in some cases, organic compounds may form organometallic complexes with metals, which could inhibit precipitation. Cyanide and other ions in the wastewater may also complex with metals, making treatment by precipitation less efficient. A cutaway view of a rapid sand filter that is most often used in a municipal treatment plant is illustrated in Figure 4. The design features of this filter have been relied upon for more than 60 years in municipal applications. 

The paper and pulp industries consume taif/e quantities of Ca(OH)2 and precipitated (as distinct from naturally occurring) CaCOs. The largest application of lime in pulp manufacture is as a causlicizing agent in sulfate (kraft) plants (p. 89). Here the waste NajC solution is reacted with lime to regenerate the caustic soda used in the process ... 

The classical methods used to separate the lanthanides from aqueous solutions depended on (i) differences in basicity, the less-basic hydroxides of the heavy lanthanides precipitating before those of the lighter ones on gradual addition of alkali (ii) differences in solubility of salts such as oxalates, double sulfates, and double nitrates and (iii) conversion, if possible, to an oxidation state other than -1-3, e g. Ce(IV), Eu(II). This latter process provided the cleanest method but was only occasionally applicable. Methods (i) and (ii) required much repetition to be effective, and fractional recrystallizations were sometimes repeated thousands of times. (In 1911 the American C. James performed 15 000 recrystallizations in order to obtain pure thulium bromate). 

For the in situ preparation of the required arenediazonium salt from an aryl amine by application of the diazotization reaction, an acid HX is used, that corresponds to the halo substituent X to be introduced onto the aromatic ring. Otherwise—e.g. when using HCl/CuBr—a mixture of aryl chloride and aryl bromide will be obtained. The copper-(l) salt 2 (chloride or bromide) is usually prepared by dissolving the appropriate sodium halide in an aqueous solution of copper-(ll) sulfate and then adding sodium hydrogensulfite to reduce copper-(ll) to copper-(1). Copper-(l) cyanide CuCN can be obtained by treatment of copper-(l) chloride with sodium cyanide. 

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