Picea abies

Balsam-kraut, n. costmary moschatel. -pappel, /. balsam poplar, tacamahac. -taone, /. balsam fir (Abies balsamea) spruce (esp. Norway spruce, Picea abies). 

Forest Decline and Air Polhitioru A Study of Spruce (Picea abies) on Acid Soils. Schulze, E.D. Lange, O.L. Oren, R, Eds., Springer-Verlag Berlin. 1989. 

From bark, valuable chemicals, such as betulinol, can be obtained [5]. Betulinol is used as a health-promoting agent. Recently Holmbom et al. [27, 28] discovered that hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) is concentrated in the stems and knots of Norway spruce Picea abies). It can be extracted and transformed catalytically to matairesinol (MAT), which is an antioxidant and anticarcinogenic agent [29-31]. 

The cambium was isolated firom spruce (Picea abies) logs felled in October-November. The bark was stripped off, and the cambium was removed by gentle scraping. The isolated cambium was immediately fiozen in liquid nitrogen and fi-eeze-dried. The carbohydrate composition of the isolated cambium was analysed by HPLC after enzymatic hydrolysis using Pectinex Ultra and a mixture of cellulases and hemicellulases (Buchert et al 1993). 

I. Kottke, Fungal adhesion pad formation and penetration of root cuticle in early stage mycorrhizas of Picea abies and Laccaria amethystea. Protoplasma 196 55 (1997). 

M. Lindmark Henriksson, D. Isaksson, T. Vanek, I. Valterova, H. E. Hogberg, K. Sjodin, Transformation of terpenes using a Picea abies suspension culture, J. Biotechnol., 107, 173 184 (2004). 

Leopold, B. Oxidation of Wood from Picea abies (L) Karst, with Nitrobenzene... 

Spruce, Picea abies, Germany, 1984 Declining spruce forest ... 

Kuhn AJ, Schroder WH, Bauch J. On the distribution and transport of mineral elements in xylem, cambium and phloem of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Holz-forschung 1997 51 487-496. 

Valday 3.5 740 Coniferous/Picea abies Podzoluvisols A0A1... 

Larsson and Simonson (1994) studied the mechanical properties of acetylated Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies. The MOR and MOE decreased by about 6 % for pine, but increased by about 7 % with spruce samples after acetylation. Samples for this study were vacuum/pressure impregnated with acetic anhydride, excess anhydride was then drained off and samples were heated at 120 °C for 6 hours. The hardness of the acetylated wood samples was also found to increase, which was considered to result from the lower MC of the modified wood. Acetylated samples were also found to be less susceptible to deformation when subjected to varying RH. 

Rowell and Rowell (1989) acetylated Scandinavian spruce Picea abies) wood chips, then subsequently reduced these to fibres in a laboratory disc refiner, fibre production did not result in loss of acetyl content, but it was found that new water sorption sites were produced as a consequence of the refining process. In addition, these workers modified a variety of lignocellulosic materials and found that all of the materials studied exhibited the same reduction in EMC at comparable WPGs. 

Sander, C. and Koch, G. (2001). Effects of acetylation and hydrothermal treatment on lignin as revealed by cellular UV-spectroscopy in Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) Holzforschung, 55(2), 193-198. 

General mineral nutrition status improvement for the host plant has been studied frequently to understand the roles of endophytic fungi. Iron nutrition, however, has been studied only occasionally. P. fortinii strains obtained from Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Picea abies, and Carex curvula (the last a monocotyledonous plant) were found to produce the cyclic hexapeptide siderophores ferricrocin (73), ferrirubin (74) and ferrichrome C (75). The concentration and pattern of siderophore production was dependent on ferric ion concentration, pH of the medium, and the strain of endophyte. 

Lorenzi E, Picco AM, Isolation of fungal endophytes from Picea abies (L.) Karsten with some different methodological approaches, Micol Ital 33 50-58, 2005. 

Certain tree species such as Betula pendula and Picea abies fail to develop in association with heather, Calluna vulgaris (40. 1). This apparently results from the production by heather of an allelochemical toxic to growth of mycorrhizae of Betula and Picea. Fruticose soil lichens are often allelopathic to the growth of mycorrhizae and forest tree seedlings also (42). Removal of reindeer moss (a lichen) in field tests resulted in accelerated growth of pine and spruce. 

In recent years, Hardell and Westermark (6) scratched Picea abies tracheids with tweezers, collected individual cell wall layers, and then analyzed the average monosaccharide composition. Surprisingly, among the individual cell wall layers no significant difference in the mannose xylose glucose ratio among individual cell wall layers was observed. 

The technique of CPC was also employed as a key step in the purification of 26 phenolic compounds from the needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies, Pinaceae). An aqueous extract of needles (5.45 g) was separated with the solvent system CHCl3-Me0H-i-Pr0H-H20 (5 6 1 4), initially with the lower phase as mobile phase and then subsequently switching to the upper phase as mobile phase. Final purification of the constituent flavonol glycosides, stilbenes, and catechins was by gel filtration and semipreparative HPLC. °... 

Flavonoids from Hippophae rhamnoides Flavonol glycosides from Vernonia galamensis Flavonol glycosides from Picea abies Flavonol glycosides from Polypodium decumanum Flavone C-glycosides from Cecropia lyratiloba... 

Slimestad, R., Marston, A., and Hostettmann, K., Preparative separation of phenolic compounds from Picea abies by high-speed countercurrent chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 719, 438, 1996. 

Slimestad, R. et al., Syringetin 3-0-(6 -acetyl)-(3-glucopyranoside and other flavonols from needles of Norway spruce, Picea abies. Phytochemistry, 40, 1537, 1995. 

Slimestad, R., Andersen, 0.M., and Francis, G.W., Ampelopsin 7-glucoside and other dihydro-flavonol 7-glucosides from needles of Picea abies, Phytochemistry, 35, 550, 1994. 

Pan, H. and Lundgren, L.N., Phenolic extractions from root bark of Picea abies. Phytochemistry, 39, 1423, 1995. 

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