Blue Nile

Other Names C.I. Basic Blue 12 Nile Blue C.l. 51180 Cresol Fast Violet Cresyl Fast Violet  

Nile Blue AX Nile Blue BX Nile blue base Nile blue chloride CA Index Name Benzo[a]phenoxazin-7-iutn, 5-amino-9-(diethylamino)-, chloride CAS Registry Number 2381-85-3 Merck Index Number Not listed Chemical Structure 

Chemical/Dye Class Miscellaneous, Oxazine Molecular Formula C20H20N3OCI Molecular Weight 353.85 pH Range 9.4—11.0 

Physical Form Green powder Solubility Soluble in water, ethanol UV-Visible (X ax) 638 mn Melting Point 250°C Synthesis Synthetic methodsi-  

Major Applications CMOS technology, waveguides, electroluminescent device, inks, plastics, biofuel cells,9 detect bacterial growth, lipids, DNA, diagnosis of diseases related to amyloid accumulation, 3 fluorescent probes,, therapy of viral diseases, photodynamic therapy Safety/Toxicity Carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, 9 teratogenicity  

Staining Applications Bacteria erythrocytes leukocytes erythroblasts fungi granulated cells intima  

CA Index Name Benzo[a]phenoxazin-7-ium, 5-amino-9-(diethylamino)-, sulfate (2 1) 

Other Names Bis[5-amino-9-(diethylamino)benzo[a] phenazoxonium] sulfate C.I. 51180 C.I. Basic Blue 12 Nile blue sulfate 5-Amino-9-(diethylamino)benzo [a]phenoxazinium sulfate Nile Blue A Nile Blue A sulfate 

Merck Index Number Not listed Chemical/Dye Class Phenoxazine Molecular Formula C40H40N6O6S Molecular Weight 732.85 Physical Form Dark green powder Solubility Soluble in water, ethanol Melting Point 300 °C (decompose) 

Biological Applications Detecting microorganisms treating virus infectious diseases photodynamic therapy  

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Given stringent requirements for effective sensitizers and the desire to use wavelengths further to the red for therapeutic appHcations, definition of newer sensitizers has been a principal area of research since about 1987. Expanded theoretical and experimental understanding of photophysics has been a key element in identifying new classes of potential sensitizers (93—98). Research has focused on cationic derivatives of Nile Blue (93), metaHo-phthalocyanines (94), naphthalocyanines (95), chlorin-type compounds (96), expanded ring porphyrinoids (97), as well as porphyrins other than hematoporphyrin and its derivatives (98). This work has also been reviewed (10,91). Instmmentation for photodynamic therapy has been reviewed (99). 

Condensation of an o-nitrosophenol with an amine hydrochloride in acetic acid (10) Nile Blue [2381-85-3] is formed from the hydrochloride of 1-naphthyl amine. 

Ostle, A., Holt, J.G., 1982. Nile blue A as a fluorescent stain for poly-b-hydroxybutyrate. 

The oxidation of N ADH has been mediated with chemically modified electrodes whose surface contains synthetic electron transfer mediators. The reduced form of the mediator is detected as it is recycled electrochemically. Systems based on quinones 173-175) dopamine chloranil 3-P-napthoyl-Nile Blue phenazine metho-sulphatemeldola blue and similar phenoxazineshave been described. Conducting salt electrodes consisting of the radical salt of 7,7,8,8-trtra-cyanoquinodimethane and the N-methylphenazium ion have been reported to show catalytic effects The main drawback to this approach is the limited stability... 

Using quenching agents like Nile Blue and Sudan Black are effective in suppressing AF for confocal or widefield microscopy... 

Table 7. Hydrophilic and lipophilic Nile Blue derivatives.

Nile Blue (water soluble pH indicator, Octadecyl Nile Blue (polymer/plasticizer-soluble red to blue upon protonation, pK -11.6) pH indicator)... 

Various chromogenic reagents have been used for the spectrophotometric determination of boron in seawater. These include curcumin [108,109], nile blue [110], and more recently 3,5 di-tert butylcatechol and ethyl violet [111]. Uppstroem [108] added anhydrous acetic acid (1 ml) and propionic anhydride (3 ml) to the aqueous sample (0.5 ml) containing up to 5 mg of boron per litre as H3BO3 in a polyethylene beaker. After mixing and the dropwise addition of oxalyl chloride (0.25 ml) to catalyse the removal of water, the mixture is set aside for 15-30 minutes and cooled to room temperature. Subsequently, concentrated sulfuric-anhydrous acetic acid (1 1) (3 ml) and curcumin reagent (125 mg curcumin in 100 ml anhydrous acetic acid) (3 ml) are added, and the mixed solution is set aside for at least 30 minutes. Finally 20 ml standard buffer solution (90 ml of 96% ethanol, 180 g ammonium acetate - to destroy excess of protonated curcumin - and 135 ml anhydrous acetic acid diluted to 1 litre... 

In the Nile blue spectrophotometric method, 10 ml 2% aqueous hydrofluoric acid is added to a 10 ml sample contained in a polyethylene bottle. The mixture is shaken for about 2h. Aqueous ferrous sulfate 10% 10 ml and 1ml 0.1% aqueous Nile blue A are added, then extracted with o-dichlorobenzene (10 ml and 3x5 ml). The combined organic extracts are diluted to 50 ml with the solvent and the extinction measured at 647 nm. Interference from chloride ions up to 100 mg/1 can be eliminated by precipitation as silver chloride. 

Nile blue A [aminonaphthodiethylamino- 0.406J -0.119 1.4-12.3 Colorless to blue... 

Fig. 19.13 (a) FRET between 0.2 mM Rhodamine B and 0.8 mM LD800. (b) Lasing of 2 mM LDS722 through cascade FRET from Coumarin 480 (0.2 mM) and R6G (0.4 mM). (c) Lasing of 0.125 mM Nile blue in methanol through FRET from 200 nM CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs. The pump laser is at 485 nm. Reprinted from Ref. 18 with permission. 2008 Optical Society of... 

Lipids Nile blue Sudan black B Sudan IV... 

The only organic fluorophores approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans are fluorescein (e.g., for opthalometry), Nile Blue, and... 

Nile Blue 5-Amino-4-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phen-azoxonium hydrogen sulphate... 

The second major category of IR fluorescent dyes are the oxazines, as exemplified by the laser dye Oxazine 1 and Nile Blue (Figure 6.16). Probably the major advantage of the oxazines is their photochemical stability, which is typically much better than that of the cyanines or rhodamines.(52) They are synthesized by condensation of the appropriatep-nitrosoaniline derivatives with the corresponding phenol.<45) These dyes... 

Alternatively, the use of ionophores may enhance the selectivity of the matrix. Several ionophores have been used for the detection of metals. Simon reported a neutral ionophore with a Nile Blue derivative and an azo compound for the detection ofpotassium.(86)Table 7.4 shows the selectivity coefficients of several ionophores. 

Derivatives of long established fluorescent dyes based on the phenoxazine ring system, such as the cationic Nile Blue (3.25a) 627 nm, and the neutral Nile Red... 

In the case of fluorescence spectra, it is the emission of the radiation from the excited state that is measured, rather than its absorption. This also provides valuable information. As an example, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)-based gels were doped with two optically active organic indicators, thionin and nile blue A. Before trapping in a solgel host, thionin and nile blue A were both evaluated for solvent and protonation effects on their spectral properties. Only extreme pH values provided by HCl, NaOH, and NH4OH produced new absorption and/or fluorescence bands. The absorption and fluorescence spectra revealed a decrease in a pH 11 solution of NH4OH compared to neutral conditions (Krihak et al., 1997). 

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