Variations with time for

Figure 5.16. Temperature variations with time for a range of starting temperature TRO, as shown in Fig. 5.17.

Figure 5. Apparent contact angle (9) variations with time for systems with tt <...

Fig. 3 Flux variation with time for PS 10 membrane and flux restoration after cleaning procedure at 180 and 420 h...

Figure 4.12 Typical dissolved oxygen concentration variation with time for the biological dynamic method. Adapted from Blanch and Clark (1997).

Unfortunately, data on these parameters and their variations with time for biodegradable polymers is very limited and difficult to find, fit particular, there is little data on variation of parameters with time in biological or simulated biological environments. It is hoped that more research and more data will become available in these area, which will be of benefit to developmental scientists and engineers in future. 

Figure 15.6 Pressure variation with time for dust explosions (A) unvented, (B) vented with inadequate vent area and (C) vented with adequate vent area (after Schofield, 1985).

Figure (3) shows the variation with time for the case of high app-roch velocity of 20m/s. The figure also includes the load values obtained when the effect of normal approach is neglected. ... 

Mr Burton has drawn attention to the characteristic form of the form factor variation with time for the dual enrichment fuel management scheme. As he supposes, this is largely due to macroscopic power variations associated with changing boron concentration. In the enriched design as... 

Fig. 11-15. Variation with time of aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions of various concentrations (from Ref. 54). See Ref. 56 for later data with highly purified materials.

The remarkable stability and eontrollability of NMR speetrometers penults not only the preeise aeeiimulation of FIDs over several hours, but also the aequisition of long series of speetra differing only in some stepped variable sueh as an interpulse delay. A peak at any one ehemieal shift will typieally vary in intensity as this series is traversed. All the sinusoidal eomponents of this variation with time ean then be extraeted, by Fourier transfomiation of the variations. For example, suppose that the nomial ID NMR aequisition sequenee (relaxation delay, 90° pulse, eolleet FID) is replaeed by the 2D sequenee (relaxation delay, 90° pulse, delay i -90° pulse, eolleet FID) and that x is inereased linearly from a low value to ereate the seeond dimension. The polarization transfer proeess outlined in die previous seetion will then eause the peaks of one multiplet to be modulated in intensity, at the frequeneies of any other multiplet with whieh it shares a eoupling. 

Figure 9.4 Variation of insulation resistance with time for class B insulation...

To make measurements, the working aperture of the cupboard is divided into equal areas by imaginary lines parallel to the sides of the aperture. The air velocity is measured in each of these areas and sometimes its variation with time. If individual velocities are within about 15% of the mean, there should be little cause for con-... 

Fig. 4-9. This diagram shows the intensity variation with angle for a rock salt crystal in the region near the Bragg angle, 0q, for an incident monochromatic beam. The area under the mosaic crystal curve could be thirty times greater than the ideal. (After Renninger, Z. Krist. 89, 344.)...

The most obvious reason for the polymerization rate variation with time is the change in the number of propagation centers (88, 89). According to Zakharov et al. (115) this change may be determined by the concurrence of the following reactions in the polymerization medium ... 

The variation of time for which fluid elements remain with the tank is expressed as a residence time distribution and this can be calculated from a simple material balance if mixing is complete. For incomplete mixing, the calculation presents difficulties. 

Ions at m/z 55, 60, 214 and 236 are observed but do some or all of these arise from the background and are present throughout the analysis, or are they present in only a few scans, i.e. are they from a component with insufficient overall intensity to appear as a discrete peak in the TIC trace An examination of reconstructed ion chromatograms (RICs) from these ions generated by the data system may enable the analyst to resolve this dilemma. The TIC shows the variation, with time, of the total number of ions being detected by the mass spectrometer, while an RIC shows the variation, with time, of a single ion with a chosen m/z value. The RICs for the four ions noted above are shown in Figure 3.15. These ions have similar profiles and show a reduction in intensity as analytes elute from the column. The reduction in intensity is a suppression effect. 

When choosing between different types of reactors, both continuous and batch reactors were considered from the point of view of the performance of the reactor (continuous plug-flow and ideal batch being equivalent in terms of residence time). If a batch reactor is chosen, it will often lead to a choice of separator for the reactor effluent that also operates in batch mode, although this is not always the case as intermediate storage can be used to overcome the variations with time. Batch separations will be dealt with in Chapter 14. 

Fig. 1. Left The variation with time of the luminosity of three models of initial mass 5M calculated with different prescriptions for the treatment of convection times are counted from the beginning of the AGB phase. Right The variation with the total mass of the surface abundances of the CNO elements for the same models shown in the left panel.

In general, most converters are tested on the bench with the electronic load set to constant current (CC mode). True, that s not benign, nor as malignant as it gets. But the implied expectation is that converters should at least work in CC mode. They should, in particular, have no startup issues with this type of load profile. But even that may not be the end of the story Some loads can also vary with time. For example, an incandescent bulb has a resistive profile, but its cold resistance is much lower than its hot resistance. That s why most bulbs fail towards the end of their natural lifetime just when you throw the wall switch to its ON position. And if the converter is powering a system board characterized by sudden variations in its instantaneous supply current demand, that can cause severe problems to the converter, too. The best known example of this is an AC-DC power supply inside a computer. The 12V rail goes to the hard disk, which can suddenly demand very high currents as it spins up, and then lapse back equally suddenly into a lower current mode. 

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