Specimen collections

The U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) has ruled that an employee s exposure to dimethyl acetamide in any 8-h work shift of a 40-h work week shall not exceed a time-weighted average of 10 ppm DMAC vapor in air by volume or 35 mg/m in air by weight (7). If there is significant potential for skin contact with DMAC, biological monitoring should be carried out to measure the level of DMAC metaboHtes in urine specimens collected at the end of the shift. One industrial limit is 40 ppm DMAC metaboHtes, expressed as AJ-methylacetamide [79-16-3] for individuals, and 20 ppm metaboHte average for workers on the job (8). 

An electron gun produces and accelerates the electron beam, which is reduced in diameter (demagnified) by one or more electromagnetic electron lenses. Electromagnetic scanning coils move this small electron probe (i.e., the beam) across the specimen in a raster. Electron detectors beyond the specimen collect a signal that is used to modulate the intensity on a cathode-ray tube that is scanned in synchronism with the beam on the specimen. A schematic of the essential components in a dedicated STEM system is shown in Figure 2. 

The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. 

Biological exposure indices (BEI) published by the ACGIH are given in Table 4.35. BEIs represent the levels of determinant which are most likely to be observed in specimens collected from a healthy worker who has been exposed to chemicals to the same extent as a worker with inhalation exposure to the TLV. Due to biological variability it is possible for an individual s measurements to exceed the BEI without incurring increased health risk. If, however, levels in specimens obtained from a worker on different occasions persistently exceed the BEI, or if the majority of levels in specimens obtained from a group of workers at the same workplace exceed the BEI, the cause of the excessive values must be investigated and proper action taken to reduce the exposure. 

B The determinant is usually present in a significant amount in biological specimens collected from subjects not occupationally exposed. 

As is the case with many members of Lamiaceae, Satureja douglasii produces abundant essential oil from glandular trichomes on the leaves. Gas chromatographic analysis of the leaf oils from specimens collected throughout the species range revealed the presence of some dozen and a half well-known compounds. The major compounds identified were camphene [215], camphor [216], which, taken together, were considered to comprise the bicyclic type, carvone [217], pulegone [218], menthone [219], and isomenthone [220] (see Fig. 2.68 for structures 215-220). The predominance of each of these major components defined a terpene type. (All compounds were observed in each of the terpene types, most in comparatively small amounts, some only as traces.)... 

Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. var. meridonalis (Vain) Zahlbr. is a widespread lichen characterized by a lobed structure similar in appearance to alveolar tissue. As Gonzalez et al. (1994) pointed out in their introduction to a discussion of the chemistry of this lichen, its specific epithet reflects its use as a treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis following the Doctrine of Signatures. The varietal name was appended much later to specimens collected in the Philippines. 

Subsequently, Porter (1981) expanded the survey by looking at specimens collected over a much larger part of the range of the species 23 sites in Europe, five in North America, and six in Asia. The majority of compounds identihed were again revealed as derivatives of apigenin, luteoUn, and chrysoeriol, with the major... 

Variation within a species was examined by looking at the chemistry of Z. dipetalum specimens collected from sites on three islands, Hawaii, Kauai, and Oahu. Of the seven compounds detected in this comparison, only two, caryophyl-lene [542] and humulene [543] (see Fig. 6.5 for structures 542-546), were present in all individuals. Trees from a site on Oahu were unique in their possession of... 

Todaroa is a small genns endemic to the Canary Islands. According to Gonzdlez et al. (1988), who were interested in secondary metabolites of the genus, T. aurea Pari, was regarded tentatively as a single species endemic to the four westernmost islands of the archipelago. Chemical analysis of specimens collected on two islands. 

For a detailed discussion of the art of sample handling and data acquisition for blood gas measurements, see National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Blood gas pre-analytical considerations specimen collection, calibration, and controls Proposed Guideline. NCCLS publication C27-P, Villanova, Pennsylvania, NCCLS, 1985... 

Errors will also be introduced in the calculation of INR when a laboratory that routinely uses 0.105 M citrate occasionally also analyzes a specimen collected with 0.129 M citrate but uses the mean of the normal range obtained with the former concentration in the calculation of the PT ratio (101). 

With respect to worker safety and re-entry studies, reference substances are necessary to assay the test substance (and, if applicable, any control substance) and determine its stability and for the analyses of specimens collected in the study. Specimens may include plant material (dislodgeable residues), adsorbent media (inhalation), or clothing/dosimeter materials collected during a worker safety study to assess exposure. If biomonitoring is involved, blood and/or urine specimens may be analyzed against reference substances of known purity. 

Clinical specimens must be collected aseptically and then promptly transported to the clinical laboratory in a properly labeled sterile container. Specimens collected on swabs or transported to the clinical laboratory in a transport medium are unacceptable for mycological study. An adequate quantity of clinical material is necessary if the information obtained in the laboratory is to be meaningful. 

Specimen Specimen collection, fixation, processing, Pathologist/... 

According to the different sentinel species analyzed, THg levels in specimens collected downstream from the impacted areas are 10-20 times greater than upstream levels. It clearly points out the relevance of chlor-alkali plants in terms of mercury river pollution. 

Concentrations of lead were highest in specimens collected near metal smelters, lead mines, industrial areas, and urban locations (Table 4.5). Lead concentrations were 9 to 13 times greater in a lichen (Parmelia baltimorensis) collected in Washington, D.C., in 1970 than in the same lichen collected 34 years earlier (Jenkins 1980). 

In echinoderms, zinc concentrations are usually higher in detrital feeders than in carnivores, higher in surface feeders than in sediment feeders, and higher in specimens collected inshore than those collected offshore in deeper waters (Eisler 1980). Sea cucumbers, Stichopus tremulus, accumulate radiozinc-65 from seawater by a factor of 1400 however, radiozinc accumulation data should be viewed with caution because addition of stable zinc can reduce zinc-65 accumulations in echinoderm viscera up to tenfold (Eisler 1981). Zinc inhibits the formation of the fertilization membrane in sea urchin eggs, possibly by interfering with cortical granule-derived proteases and proteins (Nakamura et al. 1989). 

Chlordane residue data for amphibians and reptiles are extremely limited. Maximum concentrations of chlordane isomers did not exceed 70 pg/kg FW of oxychlordane in eggs of the American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus, or 250 pg/kg FW in carcass of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis (Table 13.2). However, California newts, Tarichia torosa, taken near a lake treated with 10 pg/L technical chlordane had greatly elevated chlordane residues in liver and comparatively low concentrations in carcass, stomach, and stomach contents. After 14 days, livers contained about 34 mg/kg total chlordanes lipid weight — about 19% chlordanes, 9% nonachlors, and 6% chlor-denes (Albright et al. 1980). After 2.8 years, 98% of the total chlordanes was lost. 7ra .v-nonachlor was the most persistent component in newt liver, accounting for up to 55% of the total chlordanes in specimens collected 2.8 years after application (Table 13.2) (Albright et al. 1980). 

After antimicrobial therapy has been instituted, the patient must be monitored carefully for a therapeutic response. Culture and sensitivity reports from specimens collected must be reviewed. 

Approved IVD tests are required to have standard product labeling. The current labeling requirements include provisions dealing with intended use(s), summary and explanation of test, information on specimen collection and preparation, procedures, results, limitations of the procedure, expected values, and specific performance characteristics. 

How many people would have to get smallpox before it is considered an outbreak One suspected case of smallpox is considered a public health emergency. Smallpox surveillance in the United States includes detecting a suspected case or cases, making a definitive diagnosis with rapid laboratory confirmation at CDC, and preventing further smallpox transmission. A suspected smallpox case should be reported immediately by telephone to state or local health officials. They should immediately obtain advice regarding isolation of the patient or patients, and on laboratory specimen collection. State or local health officials should notify CDC immediately at (404) 639-2184 or (404) 639-0385 if a suspected case of smallpox is reported. 

A mixture of the dictyopterenes A and B from specimens collected at Mayrean Is., West Indies, inhibits mainly Scaridae and Acanthuridae fishes (Hay et al. 1988a)... 

Specimens collected at Radio Is., North Carolina, protect associated algae from herbivores (Pfister and Hay 1988)... 

Mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium avium complex are implicated in disseminated bacterial infections in AIDS patients. RFLP studies followed by hybridization with radiolabeled probe specific for an insertion sequence in M. avium (IS 1311) have been useful for typing M. avium stains (R2). A variety of molecular techniques are available for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. In addition to PCR, a method based on the ligase chain reaction has also been found to be sensitive to the detection of C. trachomatis infection in urine specimens collected from male and female subjects (VI). The differentiation between low-risk genotypes of human papilloma virus (HPV 6 or 11) from genotypes of high... 

Yahara, S., Tanaka, O., and Nishioka, 1. (1978). Dammarane type saponins of leaves of Panax japonicus C. A. Meyer (2) Saponins of the specimens collected in Tottori-ken, Kyoto-shi, and Niigata-ken. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 26,3010-3016. 

Specimen reqnirements, including specimen collection, processing, storage, preservation, and the criteria for specimen rejection. 

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