Dammarane type saponins

Kuo YH, Huang HC, Yang Kuo LM, et al. New dammarane-type saponins from the galls of Sapindus mukorossi. J Agric Food Chem 2005 53 4722-4727. 

Komakine, N., Okasaka, M., Takaishi, Y., Kawazoe, K., Murakami, K., and Yamada, Y. (2006). New dammarane-type saponin from roots of Panax notoginseng.. Nat. Med. 60,135-137. 

Yahara, S., Tanaka, O., and Nishioka, 1. (1978). Dammarane type saponins of leaves of Panax japonicus C. A. Meyer (2) Saponins of the specimens collected in Tottori-ken, Kyoto-shi, and Niigata-ken. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 26,3010-3016. 

Ginseng saponins, i.e., dammarane-type saponins, are extracted from the root of Panax ginseng. They have been used in various formulations in oriental countries for more than 5,000 years, especially as a tonic [9]. 

Alfhough bearing a sterane nucleus, fhe biosyntheses of cucurbitacins and dammaran-type saponins will not be reviewed here. Both groups belong to the triterpenoids, the chemistry, biosynthesis and biological activities of which have been described elsewhere (Charlwood and Banthorpe, 1991 ... 

Dammarane derivatives. Besides the isolation of oleanane -type triterpene glycosides several new dammarane-type saponins designated... 

A number of non-proteinaceous substances of plant origin are known that induce or inhibit the sensation of sweetness. Sweetness inducers and enhancers from plants include cynarin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and arabinogalactin (larch gum) (33). A synthetic compound, 2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propanoic acid, which is also a constituent of roasted coffee beans, is currently on the market as a sweetness inhibitor (33). Several oleanane-type triterpene esters with sweetness-inhibitory activity occur in Gynmema sylvestre leaves (33,116,117), with dammarane-type saponins with similar effects having been reported recently from the leaves of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (Rhamnaceae) (118) and Ziziphusjujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae) (33,119,120). 

As mentioned in Chapter III-1, c-20 hydroxylated dammaranes and their glycosides are very unstable. Mass spectra of acetates 34) or TMSi ethers 49) of dammarane type saponins exhibited neither the molecular ion nor fragment ions with an intact oxygen function at c-20, but instead contain ions B and B (see Chart 11) which are diagnostic. 

Sakamoto, L, K. Morimoto, and O. Tanaka Quantitative Analysis of Dammarane Type Saponins of Ginseng and its Application to the Evaluation of the Commercial Ginseng Tea and Ginseng Extracts. Yakugaku Zasshi 95, 1456 (1975). 

Yahara, S., K. Kaji, and O. Tanaka Further Study on Dammarane Type Saponins of Roots, Leaves, Flower buds, and Fruits of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Japan) 27, 88 (1979). 

Dammarane-type saponin glycosides Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) [50,51]... 

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