Mining, lead

World production of mined lead was 3 331 000 tonnes in 1991 and a further 5 558 000 tonnes was refined by reprocessing. In the same year US eonsumption of Pb in metal produets was 1 125 000 tonnes (ineluding 967 000 tonnes in storage batteries). In addition, some 57 250 tonnes of other oxides and 29 750 tonnes of miseellaneous Pb-eontaining produets were eonsumed. The US market priee of Pb dropped from 1.05/kg in 1990 to 0.40/kg in 1993 due in part to the eollapse in use of PbEta in petrol. 

Bleigang, m. (Mining) lead vein, bleigefiittert, a. lead-lined. 

DOI. 1987b. Mineral industry surveys Washington, DC U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of the Mines. Lead industry Summary 1987. 

Land Mine. See under MINES Lead (Pb). Namari... 

Lead has been used since perhaps 3000 to 4000 BC. The Egyptians in the Sinai mined lead, and it was used for making glazes for pottery and vessels to hold liquids. The Romans used the name plumbum nigrum for lead, and the symbol Pb comes from the Latin name, plumbum. Many words such as plumbing, plumber, and plumb bob come from the name for the element. 

Iron mines Lead mines Molybdenum mines Nickel mines Silver mines Titanium mines Zinc mines Zirconium mines Coal mines Fluorspar mines Granite mines Limestone mines... 

The use of palladium in the three-way catalysts as a substitute for more expensive metals such as Pt or Rh is an important both economic and strategic objective. Indeed, in the commonly used Pt-Rh based catalysts, the Pt/Rh ratio (= 0.2) is much lower than that of the Pt mine, leading to a deficit in the Rh supplies. Actually, the main reason for the preferential use of Pt in these depoliution catalysts is a lower sensitivity than Pd to poisoning by Pb (1-4), Nowadays, the residual Pb concentration level in unleaded gasoline is negligible and many efforts have been devoted in the last years to the development of Pd based catalysts. 

Nebera, V.P., Rebrikov, D.N. and Kuzmin, V.I., Flotation of secondery mined lead-zine ores in column machines 14th Int. Miner Process Conep. World Wide, Ind. Appl. Miner. Process Technol. Toronto, (1982)... 

The collected voltage waveform of the safety mine lead-acid battery charger is shown in Figure 6 and... 

Figure 4 - Ratio of Mined Lead Output to Zinc (Western World Only) (Source ILZSG)...

The new lead smelter is now operating at design rates. The majority of the charge is made up of zinc plant residues, Sullivan mine lead concentrate, and precious metal concentrates. The smelter has enabled Cominco to meet its objectives of reduced energy and labour costs and reduced enviroiunental impact. 

Lead in nature occurs in a number of minerals such as galena (lead sulfide), ce-russite (lead carbonate) and anglesite (lead sulfate) none of these dissolve in water. The world production of lead is about 6 million t annually. If societies only used newly mined lead, deposits would be exhausted in a mere 15 years. This limited natural supply of lead and the toxicity of water-soluble lead salts is more than enough... 

Zinc mining, lead and zinc refining and non-ferrous metal industry Manufacture of cadmium compounds Manufacture of pigments Manufacture of stabilisers Manufacture of batteries Electroplating... 

Lead is obtained from mixed lead and zinc ores, where lead after concentration by a series of flotation processes is sintered to oxidize the ore to lead oxide. The oxides are reduced and the metallic lead refined. The worldwide yearly lead production has been constant during the last 10 years, around 3.5 million tons. The most important lead-mining countries are the United States, the former Soviet Union, and Australia as shown in Table 1. In addition to mining lead is produced from scrap. The total world lead production amounted to 5.8 million tons in 1988 [3]. 

The use of lead, however, has increased dramatically since the early days of the industrial revolution (Fig. 1.1). The trend over the last decade, nevertheless, runs counter to the previous exponential rate of growth, with mined lead production stabilizing at just over 2.5 million tonnes per annum (Fig 1.2). Future trends must remain somewhat uncertain, although a decline in production and consumption is unlikely. 

Table 1.1 Major producers of mined lead (1978) data from [2].

Figure 1.1 shows a slight decline in mine production, although it has been relatively steady over the past two decades. Mined lead will correspond closely with primary metal production at around 3 300 000 t/a. The gap between mine production and total consumption closely matched the prodnction of lead from secondary sonrces, which was 4 200 000 t/a in 2005 and growing significantly. This increase in secondary lead prodnction matches the increasing proportion of lead being used for lead-acid batteries. 

Country Mined lead production (tonnes of contained lead)... 

Country Total smelter production (t/a) Production from mined lead (t/a) Secondary lead production (t/a)... 

AH the time up to the Middle Ages lead was a by-product in the working of silver ores. In the period ad 700-1200 mines were opened in the present Germany (Rhineland, Harz and Saxony), the present Poland (Silesia) and the present Czech Republic (Bohemia). The ores were mainly lead ores, but the mines were called silver mines. Lead, produced from these deposits, can now be found in decorative fixtures, roofs, pipes and windows in castles and cathedrals all over Europe. 

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