Species Range

Science has a strong theoretical basis, and is expected to provide supporting numbers, in contrast with folklore, emotion, and demagoguery. 

FIGURE 7.6.2 The ranges of different species of ferns in a Quebec forest is related to the total populations of those species. (From Harte, J., Phys. Today, 55, 29, October 2002. With permission.) 

Best-fit values for n are 0.85 for the ferns and 0.43 for the birds. Self-similarity theory predicts n values of 0.89 for the ferns and 0.42 for the birds (Harte, 2002). 

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Oyychlorides. Hydrolysis of TiCl yields a number of products, the composition of which depends on the hydrolysis conditions. In the TiCl —HCl—H2O system, species ranging from Ti(H20) g through TiCl(H20) 3 to TiCl3(H20) , as the acid concentration increases, has been reported (141). 

Much of our knowledge of the structure and function of endocytic receptors is based on the analysis of the LDL receptor gene family. Member s of this extended gene family can be found in a variety of species ranging from roundworms to insects, to vertebrates. Ten receptors exist in mammalian organisms, all of which share common structural motifs required for receptor-mediated... 

The primary reason for studying aqueous plutonium photochemistry has been the scientific value. No other aqueous metal system has such a wide range of chemistry four oxidation states can co-exist (III, IV, V, and VI), and the Pu(IV) state can form polymer material. Cation charges on these species range from 1 to 4, and there are molecular as well as metallic ions. A wide variety of anion and chelating complex chemistry applies to the respective oxidation states. Finally, all of this aqueous plutonium chemistry could be affected by the absorption of light, and perhaps new plutonium species could be discovered by photon excitation. 

As is the case with many members of Lamiaceae, Satureja douglasii produces abundant essential oil from glandular trichomes on the leaves. Gas chromatographic analysis of the leaf oils from specimens collected throughout the species range revealed the presence of some dozen and a half well-known compounds. The major compounds identified were camphene [215], camphor [216], which, taken together, were considered to comprise the bicyclic type, carvone [217], pulegone [218], menthone [219], and isomenthone [220] (see Fig. 2.68 for structures 215-220). The predominance of each of these major components defined a terpene type. (All compounds were observed in each of the terpene types, most in comparatively small amounts, some only as traces.)... 

In aquatic systems dissolved aluminum species are toxic to fish. There exists a vast number of aluminum species, ranging from inorganic monomeric to complex colloidal. polymeric and organic complexes. A major problem, when studying aluminum species in water is that the species quickly convert one into the other (Fairman and Sanz-Medel 1995). 

Separation and detection methods There exists an array of methods for the separation of the Sb species, ranging from liquid-liquid extraction to the formation of complexes with immobilized reagents, followed by HPLC or reversed phase chromatography, and eletroanalytical methods. Detection is based on spectrophotometric measurement, AAS, ICP-OES and ICP-MS. 

Figure 2. The new species added to our chemical models of interstellar clouds. The species range in complexity from 10-64 carbon atoms and comprise the following groups of molecules linear carbon chains, monocyclic rings, tricyclic rings, and fullerenes. The synthetic pathways are also indicated. See ref. 83. Reproduced from the International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, vol. 149/150, R.P.A. Bettens, Eric Herbst "The interstellar gas phase production of highly complex hydrocarbons construction of a model", pp 321-343 (1995) with kind permission from Elsevier Science-NL, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25,1055 KV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

The isolation of fluorescent proteins from nonbioluminescent species has led to the discovery of a super family of GFP-like proteins [1, 14]. Recently, six additional GFP-like proteins were isolated from A. victoria-related jellyfish [14-16]. Furthermore, a large number of GFP-like proteins have been isolated from Anthozoa species, ranging in fluorescence from green to orange-red, as well as nonflu-orescent purple-blue chromoproteins [17-19],... 

Every species ranging from small ones with three Si to larger species with 31 Si are observed. The distribution of the silicate species is shown in Figure 2. There are mostly species up to 12 Si with a majority of pentamers and tetramers, whereas the signal intensities for the larger species are relatively weak. This is consistent with the NMR evidence for silicate speciation of oligomers with Si number up to 12 atoms [6],... 

In species ranging from birds to rodents to primates, the NMDA receptor almost invariably stays open longer in young animals than in adults ... 

Gy, 10 species Range of LD50 values (30 days after exposure) survivors showed conjunctivitis, ataxia, diarrhea, passiveness, cessation of feeding, aggressiveness, and graying of pelage 1... 

XANES analyses indicated the presence of both As3+ and As5+ species in the stack sample and that about one-third of the total As is trivalent (Paktunc 2008). X-ray mapping supplemented by micro-XANES analyses indicated that As is localized along thin rims around spherical Cu particles. These rims have higher As3+ species ranging from 34 to 40% of the total As. 

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