Specimen collection blood

For a detailed discussion of the art of sample handling and data acquisition for blood gas measurements, see National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Blood gas pre-analytical considerations specimen collection, calibration, and controls Proposed Guideline. NCCLS publication C27-P, Villanova, Pennsylvania, NCCLS, 1985... 

With respect to worker safety and re-entry studies, reference substances are necessary to assay the test substance (and, if applicable, any control substance) and determine its stability and for the analyses of specimens collected in the study. Specimens may include plant material (dislodgeable residues), adsorbent media (inhalation), or clothing/dosimeter materials collected during a worker safety study to assess exposure. If biomonitoring is involved, blood and/or urine specimens may be analyzed against reference substances of known purity. 

The German Environmental Specimen Bank, initiated in 1985, annually samples and archives specimens to determine the effectiveness of environmental regulations and to conduct retrospective monitoring (European Commission 2004). The bank collects six types of human specimens— whole blood, blood plasma, scalp hair, pubic hair, saliva, and 24-hour urine samples from people 20-29 years old in four cities (Munster, Halle/ Saale, Greifswald, and Ulm). Screening is conducted to determine the pres-... 

Have the staff responsible for placing the specimen in the transport vessel (i.e. specimens collected during a surgical procedure, cultures to be sent for microbiological analysis, tubes of blood, etc.) be the same individual who labels all materials generated for that case... 

Toxicokinetics topathology Blood specimens collected after the Is, 7th, and 13th dose to be ana-... 

Antibodies lyzed for test article concentration to assess extent of exposure Blood specimens collected prior to the 1st, 7th, and 14,h dose to be analyzed for antibodies to the test article... 

Description of hematology tests to be conducted on collected blood specimens... 

Suspected cases of poisoning in which blood clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine) were measured have been reviewed (243). There were seven fatal and five non-fatal clozapine cases of overdose, and 54 other people died while taking clozapine. Clozapine poisoning could not be diagnosed on the basis of blood clozapine and norclozapine concentrations alone. Analysis of antemortem blood specimens collected for white cell count monitoring and the blood clozapinernorclozapine ratio may provide additional interpretative information. 

Occult blood is defined as traces of blood in the stool which are not perceptible to the naked eye. Usually, the passage of blood into the intestinal contents amounts to around 2 ml/day. Proof of occult blood is obtained by chemical testing (e. g. peroxidase reaction), although it is only possible to detect amounts of blood in excess of 1.5-2.0 ml/100 ml stool or to demonstrate them by means of an immunological rapid diagnostic test with a specificity of virtually 100%. The test usually comprises three specimens collected at different points in time. (s. p. 349)... 

SAEs), and unexpected ADRs. A common practice in the first phase I clinical trial is to collect blood and urine specimens to obtain preliminary pharmacokinetic information in humans. Additional phase I clinical trials are frequently conducted later to address specific concerns such as relative bioavailability comparison when the formulation is changed effect of food and time of feeding potential for drug-drug interactions pharmacokinetics in subpopulations such as... 

In the developmental process for many drugs, the drug product is administered under controlled conditions to healthy, normal individuals or to the targeted patient population. This is done to characterize the rate and extent of absorption, the bioavailability, of the active drug contained in the product. The bioavailability is estimated from the measured concentrations of the drug that appear in serial blood specimens collected over a period of time after product administration. Basic statistical principles govern the behavior of the typical bioanalytical procedure used to measure these concentrations in the collected blood specimens. 

Most BEIs are defined as concentrations of determinants or biomarkers anticipated in biological specimens collected from healthy workers whose exposure to certain chemicals by all routes is equivalent to that of workers with inhalation only exposure at the OEL. Others measure reversible effects on the body, and still others are those that are below the concentrations associated with health effects. However, other definitions are common. For example, the German biological tolerance values (BAT) can be defined as rates of excretion of the chemical or its metabolites, or the maximum possible deviation from the norm of biological parameters induced by these substances in exposed humans. BEIs for some chemicals use other criteria, such as direct comparison with a measurable toxic effect, like carboxyhemoglobin in blood for carbon monoxide. 

Modified from the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Evacuated Tubes and Additives for Blood Specimen Collection Approved Standard H1-A4. 4th ed. Wayne PA National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1996 and information listed in the Becton Dickinson Web page (http //www.bd.com/). 

Chace DH, DiPerna JC, Mitchell BL, Sgroi B, Hofman LF, Naylor EW. Electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of acylcarnitines in dried postmortem blood specimens collected at autopsy from infants with unexplained cause of death. Clin Chem 2001 47 1166-82. 

In many laboratory information systems, electronic entry either in the laboratory or at a nursing station of a test order for a uniquely identified patient generates a specimen label bearing a unique laboratory accession number. A record is established that remains incomplete until a result (or set of results) is entered into the computer against the accession number. The unique label is affixed to the specimen collection container when the blood is drawn. Proper alignment of the label on the collection container is critical for subsequent specimen processing when using bar coded labels. Arrival of the specimen in the laboratory is recorded by a manual or computerized log-in procedure. In other systems, the specimen is labeled at the patient s bedside with the patient identification and collection information and enters... 

The clotting of blood in specimen collection tubes, their subsequent centrifugation, and the transfer of serum to secondary tubes require time to complete. When performed manually, it has been known to cause delays in the preparation of a specimen for analysis. Consequently, to eliminate the problems associated with specimen preparation, systems are being developed to automate this process. The following developments are noteworthy. 

On the other hand, several constituents are routinely analyzed in the same clinical specimen. It would therefore be unpractical to devise special systems for every single type of quantity. For that reason, three standardized procedures for blood specimen collection by venipuncture have been rec-ommended h (1) collection in the morning from hospitalized patients, (2) collection in the morning from ambulatory patients, and (3) collection in the afternoon from ambulatory patients. Table 16-2 summarizes these procedures. 

Felding P, Tryding N, Pedersen PH, et al. Effects of posture on concentrations of blood constituents in healthy adults Practical application of blood specimen collection procedures recommended by the Scandinavian Committee on Reference Values. Scand... 

Whole blood is the most likely specimen for a clinical laboratory to receive for gas analysis and may be obtained from any site accessible to vascular catheterization or entry. These sites commonly are the vessels of the extremities, but special studies may require access to the chambers of the heart and great vessels of the chest. Analysts should recognize that some specimens are difficult to obtain and should be handled with utmost care. Sometimes the volume of the specimen collected for analysis, particularly from premature neonates, has to be as small as possible without sacrificing specimen quality and analytical accuracy. 

Because of the long elimination half-hfe of phenobarbital, the blood concentration does not change rapidly. Therefore a serum specimen collected late in the dose interval (trough) is representative of the overall effect. Results from specimens collected 2 to 4 hours after the dose can be misleading, because they may be construed to be the peak concentration when in actuality they precede the peak. Table 33-1 summarizes pharmacokinetic data of the anticonvulsant drugs. 

Advances in the production of monoclonal antibodies have not provided the means for the development of rapid and sensitive immunoassays for CK-3 and CK-2 isoform quantitation. Proper specimen collection and stabilization of CK-2 isoforms are essential for the correct measurement of the CK-22 and CK-2, isoforms. A progressive increase in posttranslational degradation of CK-22 to CK-2i has been observed at room temperature. Incorporation of EDTA at a final concentration of 5 to 15mmol/L to blood has been shown to stabilize the isoform distribution. 

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