Stomach content

Emesis is the forcefiil involuntary expulsion of the stomach contents through the mouth. It is a reflex response that may be initiated by a number of stimuli. 

Retching is the process of emesis but without the actual expulsion of any of the stomach contents. 

The act of vomiting is a complex process accompanied by several events apart from activation of the motor nerves and various voluntary muscles involved in the increase of intragastric pressure and evacuation of the stomach contents. Vomiting is preceded by a deep inspiration, closure of the glottis and raising of the soft palate to prevent vomitus entering the trachea and nasopharynx, respectively. There is also increased heart rate, pallor, salivation, sweating and lacrimation. 

The nurse must not give an emetic when a corrosive substance (such as lye) or a petroleum distillate (paint thinner, kerosene) has been ingested. In many cases of poisoning, it is preferable to insert a nasogastric tube to empty stomach contents. Emetics are used with great caution, if at all, when the substance ingested is unknown or in question. An emetic is never given to a patient who is unconscious or semiconscious because aspiration of vomitus may occur. 

Similarly, convulsive seizures and a sustained epileptic state persisted after stomach contents were pumped and activated charcoal and anticonvulsive medication were administered in a 43-year-old man who ingested approximately 260 mg/kg endosulfan (Boereboom et al. 1998). At 4 days after exposure, the man was pronounced brain dead, and autopsy revealed cerebral hernia from massive cerebral edema. Eight additional accidental and/or intentional cases of acute poisoning with endosulfan resulting in adverse neurological effects have been reported in more recent studies, six by Blanco-Coronado et al. (1992), one by Lo et al. (1995), and one by Pradhan et al. (1997) two out of the eight resulted in death. Tonic-clonic convulsions were seen in the Blanco-Coronado et al. (1992) cases, whereas Lo et al. (1995) reported the development of muscle fasciculations and episodes of convulsions in their case. In the case reported by Pradhan et al. (1997), the patient had consumed about 75 mL of hquid endosulfan (35% w/v). In this case, in addition to tonic-clonic seizures and myoclonic jerks, the patient developed... 

Our method for NMOR determination. The following procedure (carried out in a single day) was developed for blood, stomach contents, the homogenized whole mouse, and diet [(a standard semisynthetic diet prepared as in (9)]. After the rats were killed with C0 , we collected the blood (with a heparinized syringe from the heart) and the entire stomach contents. The whole mouse was frozen in liquid N2 and homogenized as in (2) ... 

When mice were gavaged with morpholine and exposed to NO j the NMOR yield of 140 ng/g (4.2 yg/30 g mouse) obtained by the Iqbal method (Table II, exp. 1) was similar to that of 2.23 yg/mouse previously reported by Iqbal et a l. hence confirms these results. However, the finding that similar homogenates, when worked up by our method, did not yield a significant amount of NMOR demonstrated that the NMOR formation occurred during the workup, i.e., was an artifact. This confirmed our negative results with rat stomach contents and blood (Table I). 

Additionally, the determination of THg levels in muscle of some fish species within the Flix reservoir has been studied (Diez, unpublished results). As expected, THg concentrations increased with trophic level. A comparison between mercury levels in muscle tissue of the individual fish species (p < 0.05) produced the following order European catfish > common carp > rudd > roach. Average THg concentrations (in ww) in muscle of European catfish (n = 9), common carp (n = 30), rudd (n = 20), and roach (n = 5) were 0.848 0.476 ig/g 0.333 0.155 pg/g 0.283 0.163 pg/g and 0.217 0.199 pg/g, respectively. The relative trophic level of the analyzed species is based on a generalized knowledge of the species and stomach contents of the studied adult fish populations [56, 60, 62, 71],... 

Maximum concentrations of copper in elasmobranchs and teleosts from all collection sites range from 7 to 15 mg/kg DW in eyeballs, intestines, muscle, scales, vertebrae, heart, and gonads and from 16 to 48 mg/kg DW in gills, kidneys, skin, and spleens. They reach 53 mg/kg DW in whole animals, 155 mg/kg DW in stomach contents, 208 mg/kg DW in feces, and 245 mg/kg DW in livers (Table 3.3). 

Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus-, liver Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus-, San Diego Bay 1994 sediment vs. stomach contents 5.2 FW 3... 

Liver, gall bladder, kidney Shorebirds Chile November 1981-March 1982 near abandoned copper mine liver vs. stomach contents 11-15 DW 137... 

Stomach contents Bats, Myotis spp., Florida 1981-83 Guano... 

Starlings from pristine area in Poland were exposed in cages for 8 days near a zinc smelter Tissue lead concentrations were 3 to 12 times higher after 8 days stomach content lead levels increased from 2 mg/kg DW to 532, and feces increased from 0.4 to 154 mg Pb/kg DW 56... 

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