Solvents isopropyl myristate

N-Mannich derivatization has also been documented to improve skin delivery [91][92], In the case of theophylline (11.56) and 5-fluorouracil (11.58), a much improved solubility in water of the various N-Mannich bases examined was observed. To avoid breakdown, however, the prodrugs had to be dissolved in a polar nonaqueous solvent (isopropyl myristate) for pharmaceutical use. The delivery of theophylline and 5-fluorouracil through hairless mouse skin was, thus, accelerated approximately sixfold through use of the prodrugs 11.57 and 11.59, respectively. 

Solubility Characteristics Soluble in ethanol, cetyl alcohol, aliphatic solvents, isopropyl myristate Form Supplied Liquid... 

Some fixed oils, such as cottonseed oil or peanut oil, and esters, eg, isopropyl myristate, may be used as solvent systems for parenteral dmgs. 

The majority of RDC studies have concentrated on the measurement of solute transfer resistances, in particular, focusing on their relevance as model systems for drug transfer across skin [14,39-41]. In these studies, isopropyl myristate is commonly used as a solvent, since it is considered to serve as a model compound for skin lipids. However, it has since been reported that the true interfacial kinetics cannot be resolved with the RDC due to the severe mass transport limitations inherent in the technique [15]. The RDC has also been used to study more complicated interfacial processes such as kinetics in a microemulsion system [42], where one of the compartments contains an emulsion. 

C2-C4 w-alkanes [42,43], and in supercritical carbon dioxide when employing novel surfactants with fluorocarbon tails [38,44], There is also interest in the further employment of lipids (triglycerides and wax esters, such as isopropyl myristate) as solvent to improve biocompatibility [45],... 

Figure 4.9) to synthesize isopropyl myristate. This is enabled by a continuous feed of 2-propanol to the reactor, which forms an azeotropic mixture with water. This mixture is distilled, thereby removing the water produced. Afterwards, the immobilized enzyme used can be easily removed by filtration. The feasibility of this technique is also illustrated within the synthesis of glucose stearate. A mixture of ethyl methylketone and hexane as solvent is used, forming an azeotropic mixture with the water produced [42],... 

Esters are common components in cosmetics and skin-care products. They can be synthesized from fatty acids and alcohols using either chemical or enzymatic reactions. The chemical reactions are normally catalysed by acid catalysts. Enzymatic synthesis is carried out under milder conditions and therefore it provides products of very high purity. A range of esters such as isopropyl palmitate and isopropyl myristate are now produced industrially using enzymatic synthesis. The reactions are carried out in solvent-free systems using an immobilised lipase as catalyst. In order to get high yields in the reactions, water is removed continuously. 

The commercial product is diluted with solvents (e.g., diethyl phthalate, isopropyl myristate, benzyl benzoate) to make it less viscous. It is alkali-stable and does not discolor in light. Therefore, it is a popular ingredient of perfume compositions for soap, detergents, and cosmetics and is used in large amounts. 

As recently reviewed by Gupta and Garge (2002), there are some materials known to penetrate the skin readily and appear to be capable of acting as penetration enhancers for certain selected drugs. These enhancers sometimes work more effectively in the presence of solvents such as ethanol or propylene glycol. A well-known example is the use of the insect repelent DEET (N,N diethyl-m-toluamide) as an enhancer for corticosteroids or the use of isopropyl myristate and propylene glycol for diclofenac sodium. Indeed, cyclodextrins have also been employed as penetration enhancers for hydrocortisone although how this system functions is not easy to visualize (see later section on cyclodextrins). 

Membrane filtration is the technique recommended by most pharmacopoeias and, consequently, the method by which the great majority of products are examined. It involves filtration of fluids through a sterile membrane filter (pore size "0.45pm) any microorganism present being retained on the surface of the filter. After washing in situ, the filter is divided aseptically and portions are transferred to suitable culture media which are then incubated at the appropriate temperature for the required period of time. Water-soluble solids can be dissolved in a suitable diluent and processed in this way and oil-soluble products may be dissolved in a suitable solvent, e.g. isopropyl myristate. 

As with conventional emulsions the nature of the oil can affect the behaviour of the system. For pharmaceutical uses, oils used include the refined hydrocarbon oils such as light liquid paraffin and esters of long-chain fatty acids including vegetable oils, for example, ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate, olive oil and sesame oil. Frankenfeld et al (SO used mixtures of Solvent 100 Neutral (an isoparaffinic, dewaxed oil of high viscosity) and Norpar 13 (a non-viscous, normal paraffinic solvent) to vary the viscosity of the oil phase in attempts to control the transfer of solutes across the oil membrane. 

Several other solvents are used extensively in topical formulations. Isopropyl myristate (1PM) could be classified as an oily ingredient, which can be grouped within a series of isopropyl fatty acid esters such as isopropyl linoleate and isopropyl palmitate. 1PM has been included in emulsions and gels at around 10%... 

Of the economical plastics mentioned above, GP polystyrene is becoming less popular, as it is one of the most brittle plastics unless it is impact modified. GP or (GPPS) polystyrene has good clarity, is highly permeable (compared with most other plastics) to moisture and gases, has poor heat and solvent resistance. It crazes then disintegrates in contact with isopropyl myristate (which is used in some pharmaceutical formulations). It is, however, an excellent material to mould (low shrinkage)... 

Linko et al. 1998). Lipases have been extensively used in the production of surfactants of different chemical nature by esterification of alkyl glycosides and fatty acids, by transesterification of natural oils and alcohols, by transesterification of phospholipids and alcohols, and also by esterification of amino acids and amides (Saxena et al. 1999). Personal care products, hke isopropyl myristate and isopropyl palmitate, have been produced in solvent-free media with immobilized lipase and wax esters (esters from long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols) are also being produced with lipases (Hasan et al. 2006). 

Acetyidimethylamine chloride Dimethyl acetamide N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine solvent, flavoring agents Benzyl alcohol Ethyl-(S)-lactate Isopropyl myristate Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate Propylene glycol dioctanoate... 

SD alcohol 38-B SD alcohol 39 SD alcohol 39-A SD alcohol 39-B SD alcohol 39-C SD alcohol 40 SD alcohol 40-A SD alcohol 40-B SD alcohol 40-C solvent, tooth powder SD alcohol 31-A solvent, toothpaste SD alcohol 31-A SD alcohol 38-B solvent, topcoat lacquers Isobutyl acetate solvent, topical medicinals Isopropyl myristate solvent, topical ointments Ethyl hexanediol solvent, traffic marking Oxo-dodecyl acetate solvent, transfer inks Di butyl tartrate solvent, transistors 1,4-Dioxane... 

The effect of detoxification of the medium by removal of toxic compounds with UF membranes was demonstrated by Boyaval et al. [36] in the fermentation of propionic acid. UF runs led to an eightfold increase in volumetric productivity relative to fed batch experiments. The effectiveness of membrane bioreactors in the lowering of toxicity of the compounds involved in the bioconversion system was demonstrated by Edwards and co-workers [159]. An eightfold increase in the removal of phenoHc compounds from effluents was observed when polyphenoloxidase was immobilized in a capillary poly(ether)sulfone membrane as compared to the use of the free enzyme. Butanol recovery from the fermentation medium with organic solvent extraction or membrane solvent extraction led to similar results, both processes leading to decreased product inhibition. Due to the low toxicity of the extractive solvent used (isopropyl myristate) on Clostridium beyerinckii cells, no protective effect of the membrane was observed. However, precipitates observed in two-Hquid phase extraction were not observed... 

Solubility in solvents at20°C ethanol, paraffin oil, isopropyl myristate capric triglyceride. 

Wood furniture coatings usually contain urethane/isocyanates in addition to UF, volatile plasticisers, residual solvents and free monomers from incomplete polymerisation of the coating. Nitrocellulose lacquer, acrylic, cellulose acetate butyrate and polynrethane (with plasticisers like epoxy, di-bntyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate and isopropyl myristate) are the coatings commonly nsed on clear finished wood furniture. In these, the amonnts and... 

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