Solids water solubility

NaH POa is a solid water-soluble acid, and this properly finds u e (with NaHC03) in effervescent laxative (ablets and in the pH adjusimeni of boiler waters. It is also used as a mild phosphatizing agent for steel surfaces and as a constituent in (he undercoat for metal paints. 

Solid, water-soluble a-hydroxycarboxylic acid and oxalic acid titanium complexes can be formed by reaction of the acid and a tetraalkyl titanate in an inert solvent, such as acetone or heptane. The precipitated complex is filtered, rinsed with solvent, and dried to give an amorphous white solid, which is water- and alcohol—water-soluble (81,82). 

Bisulfite Test. Follow the procedure on page 313, Chapter 30. Nearly all aldehydes and most methyl ketones form solid, water-soluble bisulfite addition products. 

Properties White, crystalline solid. Water soluble stable under normal storage conditions in solution has the properties of both trisodium phosphate and sodium hypochlorite. 

C2H4N2O3, NH2CONHCOOH. Unknown in the free state as it breaks down immediately to urea and COi- The NH4, Ba, Ca, K and Na salts are known and are prepared by treating ethyl allophanate with the appropriate hydroxide. The esters with alcohols and phenols are crystalline solids, sparingly soluble in water and alcohol. They are formed by passing cyanic acid into alcohols or a solution of an alcohol or phenol in benzene. The amide of allophanic acid is biuret. Alcohols are sometimes isolated and identified by means of their allophanates. 

Tetraoxophosphoric acid is a colourless solid, very soluble in water an 85% solution is often used ("syrupy phosphoric acid ). It is tribasic. giving the ions ... 

Hydrated chromium Ill) nitrate is a dark green, very deliquescent solid, very soluble in water. The anhydrous nitrate is covalent. 

A) Ammonium salts. All colourless solids readily soluble in cold water. 

Physical Properties, Colourless solid when pure, usually pale brown. Sparingly soluble in cold water, soluble in hot water soluble also in cold mineral acids and caustic alkalis. Dissolves readily in cold alcohol, and solution possesses a faint blue fluorescence. 

Physical Properties. Both solids, freely soluble in hot water, sparingly in cold water. o-Nitrophcnol, bright yellow, volatile in steam, odour resembling both that of phenol and of nitrobenzene />-m trophenol, colourless when pure, non-volatile in steam, odourless. 

Naphthalene, CioHs, colourless solid, m.p. 80°, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, characteristic odour. Anthracene, CjH4 C2H2 CjH4, m.p. 216°, white crystals when pure, with a faint blue fluorescence, but often very pale yellow crystals insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. Phenanthrene, m.p. 98°, and biphenyl, m.p. 69°, are white solids. 

N-Benzylamides are recommended when the corresponding acid is liquid and/or water-soluble so that it cannot itself serve as a derivative. Phe benzylamides derived from the simple fatty acids or their esters are not altogether satisfactory (see Table below) those derived from most hydroxy-acids and from poly basic acids or their esters are formed in good yield and are easily purified. The esters of aromatic acids yield satisfactory derivatives but the method must compete with the equally simple process of hydrolysis and precipitation of the free acid, an obvious derivative when the acid is a solid. The procedure fails with esters of keto, sul phonic, inorganic and some halogenated aliphatic esters. 

Sulphonic acids are frequently crystalline solids, readily soluble in water and often hygroscopic. Because of the difficulty of isolation of the free acids, they are usually encountered as the alkah metal salts. 

A water-soluble mixture may be in the form of a mixture of water-soluble solids or in the form of a liquid. The liquid mixtimes are frequently aqueous solutions. The prelirninary examination of a liquid mixture (see 1) will indicate whether a volatile solvent (i.e., removable on a boiling water bath) is present. If a volatile solvent is present, distil 20 g. of the mixtime from a water bath until no more hquid passes over set aside the volatile solvent for identification. Dissolve the residue (B) in water as detailed below for a mixture of solids. 

Ck)ol the alkaline solution resulting from the distillation of the volatile neutral compounds, make it acid to litmus with dilute sulphuric acid, and add an excess of solid sodium bicarbonate. Extract this bicarbonate solution with two 20 ml. portions of ether remove the ether from the combined ether extracts and identify the residual phenol (or enol). Then acidify the bicarbonate solution cautiously with dilute sulphiu-ic acid if an acidic compound separates, remove it by two extractions with 20 ml. portions of ether if the acidified solution remains clear, distil and collect any water-soluble, volatile acid in the distillate. Characterise the acid as under 2. 

Step 3. The non-steam-volatile compounds. The alkaline solution (82) remaining in the distiUing flask from Step 2 may contain water-soluble, non-volatile acidic, basic or neutral compounds. Add dilute sulphuric acid until the solution is just acid to Congo red, evaporate to dryness, and extract the residual solid with boiling absolute ethyl alcohol extraction is complete when the undissolved salt exhibits no sign of charring when heated on a metal spatula in the Bunsen flame. Evaporate the alcoholic solution to dryness and identify the residue. 

Step 4. The steam-volatile neutral compounds. The solution (containing water-soluble neutral compounds obtained in Step 1 is usually very dilute. It is advisable to concentrate it by distillation until about one-third to one-half of the original volume is collected as distillate the process may be repeated if necessary and the progress of the concentration may be followed by determination of the densities of the distillates. It is frequently possible to salt out the neutral components from the concentrated distillate by saturating it with solid potassium carbonate. If a layer of neutral compound makes its appearance, remove it. Treat this upper layer (which usually contains much water) with solid anhydrous potassium carbonate if another aqueous layer forms, separate the upper organic layer and add more anhydrous potassium carbonate to it. Identify the neutral compound. 

Minerals and Ash. The water-soluble extract solids which iafuse from tea leaves contain 10—15% ash. The tea plant has been found to be rich in potassium (24) and contains significant quantities of calcium, magnesium (25), and aluminum (26). Tea beverages are also a significant source of fluoride (27), owing in part to the uptake of aluminum fluoride from soils (28,29). 

Common impurities found in aldehydes are the corresponding alcohols, aldols and water from selfcondensation, and the corresponding acids formed by autoxidation. Acids can be removed by shaking with aqueous 10% sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic liquid is then washed with water. It is dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate and then fractionally distilled. Water soluble aldehydes must be dissolved in a suitable solvent such as diethyl ether before being washed in this way. Further purification can be effected via the bisulfite derivative (see pp. 57 and 59) or the Schiff base formed with aniline or benzidine. Solid aldehydes can be dissolved in diethyl ether and purified as above. Alternatively, they can be steam distilled, then sublimed and crystallised from toluene or petroleum ether. 

The ash eontent of liquid fuels is important in eonneetion with eleanliness, eorrosion, and deposition eharaeteristies of the fuel. Ash is the material remaining after eombustion. Ash is present in two forms (1) as solid partieles eorresponding to that material ealled sediment, and (2) as oil or water soluble traees of metallie elements. As mentioned earlier, sediment is a measure of eleanliness. The eorrosivity of a fuel is related to the amount of various traee elements in the fuel ash. Certain high-ash fuels tend to be very eorrosive. Finally, sinee ash is the fuel element remaining after eombustion, the deposition rate is direetly related to the ash eontent of the fuel. 

Two classes of resol are generally distinguished, water-soluble resins prepared using caustic soda as catalyst, and spirit-soluble resins which are catalysed by addition of ammonia. The water-soluble resins are usually only partially dehydrated during manufacture to give an aqueous resin solution with a solids content of about 70%. The solution viscosity can critically affect the success in a given application. Water-soluble resols are used mainly for mechanical grade paper and cloth laminates and in decorative laminates. 

Sulphones are colourless, very stable, water-soluble solids that are generally resistant to reduction. The most important sulphones are sulpholane (1) and sulpholene (2) ... 

Liquid spillages may be sueked up by pump and non-toxie solids ean be vaeuumed or brushed up (after wetting down where appropriate). Only small quantities of inert, water-soluble waste should be disearded to drains aeids and alkalis should first be neutralized. 

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