Bioreactors membrane

Livingston, A.G., Brookes, P.R., Biological Detoxification of a 3-chloronitrobenzene Manufacture Wastewater in an Extractive Membrane Bioreactor, Water Research, v.28, pp.1347-1354, 1994. 

Livingston, A.G., Extractive Membrane Bioreactors A New Process Technology for Detoxifying Industrial Waste waters, J. Chem. Tech. Biotech., v.60, pp. 117-124, 1994. 

Livingston, A.G., Freitas dos Santos, L.M., Extraction and Biodegradation of a Toxic Volatile Organic Compound (1,2 dichloroethane) from Wastewater in a Membrane Bioreactor, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, v.42, pp.421-431, 1994. 

Intensive technologies are derived from the processes used for the treatment of potable water. Chemical methods include chlorination, peracetic acid, ozonation. Ultra-violet irradiation is becoming a popular photo-biochemical process. Membrane filtration processes, particularly the combination microfiltration/ultrafiltra-tion are rapidly developing (Fig. 3). Membrane bioreactors, a relatively new technology, look very promising as they combine the oxidation of the organic matter with microbial decontamination. Each intensive technique is used alone or in combination with another intensive technique or an extensive one. Extensive... 

Radjenovic J, Petrovic M, Barcelo D (2007) Analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and removal using a membrane bioreactor. Anal Bioanal Chem 387 1365-1377... 

Clara M, Strenn B, Cans O, Martinez E, Kreuzinger N, Kroiss H (2005) Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds in a membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 39 4797 807... 

Clara M, Strenn B, Ausserleitner M, Kreuzinger N (2004) Comparison of the behaviour of selected micropollutants in a membrane bioreactor and a conventional wastewater treatment plant. Water Sci Technol 50 29-36... 

Quintana JB, Weiss S, Reemtsma T (2005) Pathways and metabolites of microbial degradation of selected acidic pharmaceutical and their occurrence in municipal wastewater treated by a membrane bioreactor. Water Res 39 2654-2664... 

Wang, L.K., and Menon, R., Membrane bioreactors, in Advanced Biological Treatment Processes, Wang, L.K., Shammas, N.K., and Hung, Y.T., Eds, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2009. 

Wang, Y., Huang, X., and Yuan, Q., Nitrogen and carbon removals from food processing wastewater by an anoxic/aerobic membrane bioreactor, Process Biochemistry, 40, 1733-1739, 2005. 

Sridang, P.C., Pottier, A., Wisniewski, C., and Grasmick, A., Performance and microbial surveying in submerged membrane bioreactor for seafood processing wastewater treatment, Journal of Membrane Science, 317,43-49, 2008. 

Liao, B.Q., Kraemer, J.T., and Bagley, D.M., Anaerobic membrane bioreactors Applications and research directions, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 36 (6), 489-530, 2006. 

Yang W, Cicek N (2008) Treatment of swine wastewater by submerged membrane bioreactors with consideration of estrogenic activity removal. Desalination 231 200-208... 

Prado N, Ochoa J, Amrane A (2009) Biodegradation by activated sludge and toxicity of tetracycline into a semi-industrial membrane bioreactor. Bioresour Technol 100 3769-3774... 

A membrane bioreactor in which the aqueous biocatalyst solution, with mineral nutrients and an assimilable source of carbon is separated from the feedstock by a membrane which provides the active contact surface for desulfurization. 

Membrane-based separation, lactic acid production and, 14 120 Membrane biocompatibility, in hemodialysis, 26 823—824 Membrane bioreactors, 16 26 Membrane-bound enzymes, 10 338 Membrane cell process, 9 620 Membrane cells... 

It is expected that in the very near future, the application of closed water loops will show an intensive growth, strongly supported by the further development of separate treatment technologies such as anaerobic treatment, membrane bioreactors, advanced biofilm processes, membrane separation processes, advanced precipitation processes for recovery of nutrients, selective separation processes for recovery of heavy metals, advanced oxidation processes, selective adsorption processes, advanced processes for demineralisation, and physical/chemical processes which can be applied at elevated temperature. 

Shimizu, Y., T. Yazawa, H. Yanagisawa and K. Eguchi. 1987. Surface modification of alumina membranes for membrane bioreactor. Yogyo Kyokaishi 95 1067-72. 

In the following, a number of integrated reaction-separation systems wiU be discussed, with emphasis on the application of polymeric membranes. As a result, the systems discussed will be Hmited to relatively low temperatures, typically below 120°C. In Section 13.2, appHcations of membranes in chemical synthesis will be described. Subsequently, in Section 13.3 various examples of membrane bioreactors will be discussed. 

In the development of cell or enzyme-based processes, many process configurations exist, including batch, fed batch and continuous operation. In general, the conversion and the separation processes (downstream processing) are regarded as separate units, and most industrial processes are based on this approach. In the last decades, however, more attention is paid to the integration of conversion and separation, leading to the development of membrane bioreactors [49, 50], and some of these concepts have reached an industrial scale. The membranes used for this type of reactors are almost exclusively polymeric, as temperatures seldomly exceed 100 °C for obvious reasons. 

Generally, a distinction can be made between membrane bioreactors based on cells performing a desired conversion and processes based on enzymes. In ceU-based processes, bacteria, plant and mammalian cells are used for the production of (fine) chemicals, pharmaceuticals and food additives or for the treatment of waste streams. Enzyme-based membrane bioreactors are typically used for the degradation of natural polymeric materials Hke starch, cellulose or proteins or for the resolution of optically active components in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, food and chemical industry [50, 51]. In general, only ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration (MF)-based processes have been reported and little is known on the application of reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) in membrane bioreactors. Additionally, membrane contactor systems have been developed, based on micro-porous polyolefin or teflon membranes [52-55]. 

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