Specialization organisms

Air oasis with specially organized local air supply and exhaust (Fig. 7.109c)... 

Taste and smell, unlike sight and sound, are not induced by any known waves in the air, but are caused by the presence of certain specific, chemical compounds by interaction with certain receptor-sites. The power of reaction to chemical stimuli has evolved from the diffused, and confused, chemotactic sensitivity of the primitive protozoa through to man, where specialized organs have been developed. 

Brunsbach FR, W Reineke (1993) Degradation of chloroanilines in soil slurry by specialized organisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 40 402-407. 

Other ant species also use formic acid as a weapon. In fact, this acid is fairly common in ants. It got its name from the Latin word formica, which means ant. Some ants, such as the red ant, inject formic acid into their victims just as bees do. Ants, bees, and wasps actually all belong to the same biological order, Hymenoptera. Animals in this order have an ovipositor (a special organ for depositing eggs in hard to reach places). In some ants, bees, and wasps, this ovipositor has evolved into a stinger that is used to inject venom instead of eggs. 

We need to point additionally to the evolution of special organs, glands, which have stored chemical message systems to help coordinate activities and are associated with nerves and the brain (Figure 8.6 and Table 8.3). Glands are advantageous in organisation as chemical substations connected to different remote parts of the... 

The rumen is a unique specialized organ that allows ruminants to obtain energy by degrading high-fiber plant materials via a complex microbial... 

In the majority of the countries, the necessary equipment and potential have been provided for to counteract the main affections from chemical incidents. These measures include not only the setting up of specialized organizations and institutions such as public health establishments or emergency committees and commissions, but also creation of reliable information sites and systems. 

ALMA [Alusuisse maleic anhydride] A process for making maleic anhydride by oxidizing -butane, using a fluid bed reactor and a special organic solvent recovery system. The catalyst contains vanadium and phosphoms on iron oxide. Developed jointly by Alusuisse Italia and ABB Lummus Crest. First licensed to Shin-Daikowa Petrochemical Company, Yokkaichi, Japan, in 1988. The world s largest plant plant was built for Lonza in Ravenna, Italy, in 1994. 

Intensification of different processes through a special organization of interaction of different oscillation or wave processes such as cavitational destruction, cleaning, emulgation of non-mixing liquids and of substances in the liquid phase, the development of different wave technologies. 

Speciality chemicals adhesives, solvents, surfactants (e.g., in personal care products and soaps detergents), specialized organics and pharmaceutical and healthcare products (e.g., vitamins). 

Other animals, sponges lack a nervous system and have no true musculature. They are benthic and filter food particles suspended in the water. They have no specialized organ systems, often they are amorphous and asymmetrical animals. Only a few different cell types are encountered within sponges which are functionally independent to the extent that an entire sponge can be dissociated into its constituent cells. Special flagellated cells called choanocytes generate currents that help maintain water circulation within the sponge and capture food particles. 

The luminescent production of light by living animals and bacteria, by chemical reactions occurring in special organs, is covered under bioluminescence (see Chapter 3, section 3.7). 

Unsaturated 5(477)-oxazolones have been well known for many years and new examples are constantly described every year in specialized organic journals. In general, a wide variety of substituted unsaturated oxazolones have been prepared and many applications have been described for these compounds (Fig. 7.40). 

The situation in the calcium-binding protein aequorin is that there is a store of energy built into a special organic molecule and into the fold of the protein. On binding calcium the protein emits lights at around 500 nm and there is a conformational change of the protein. It is not easy to write... 

The first commercial installation employing special organic solvents in dewaxing was made by the Indian Refining Co. in 1927 (32). The process as originally used employed a mixture of acetone and benzene as the special solvents, based on the inventions of F. X. Govers. The process as further developed employs a mixture of methyl ethyl ketone and aromatic solvents such as benzene and toluene. It is known as the solvent dewaxing process. 

The essential characteristic distinguishing mammals from other animal species is the ability of the female of the species to produce milk in specialized organs (mammary glands) for the nutrition of its newborn. 

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