Site-specific criteria

Despite EPA s urging and guidance, state response was disappointing. A few states adopted large numbers of numeric toxic pohutant criteria, primarily for the protection of aquatic life. Most other states adopted few or no water-quality criteria for priority toxic pohutants. Some rehed on free from toxicity criteria and so-called acLion levels for toxic pollutants or occasionally calculated site-specific criteria. Few states addressed the protection of human health by adopting numeric human health criteria. 

Recent regulatory thinking has focused on site-specific criteria derived from assessments of the risks to human health and the environment. Risk assessments are based on concentration of contaminants and exposure pathways. 

Pre-entry criteria define the conditions and circumstances under which site characterization activities will be initiated and the manner in which these activities will proceed. At each stage of the process (i.e., approach to the site, on-site characterization activities, sample collection, and exiting the site), specific criteria may be defined for proceeding to the next stage. The pre-entry criteria may also specify the general makeup of the site characterization team under various circumstances. For example, under low-hazard conditions chemical facility teams may perform site characterization, while specially trained responders might be called upon to assist in the case of potentially hazardous conditions at the site. The criteria developed for a particular chemical facility should be consistent with the role that the facility has assumed in performing site characterization activities. 

Each PAH bioremediation strategy has its own unique characteristics. In general, it can be stated that PAH biodegradation will be most rapid and extensive with bioslurry reactors, followed by solid-phase applications and in situ strategies, respectively. Of course there is a direct relationship between rate and extent of PAH biodegradation and cost of the remedial technology. As described below, site-specific criteria impact the applicability of each strategy as well as the predicted performance criteria. 

Derivation of these concentrations ignores which particular contaminants may be causing the observed biological effects. On the other hand, this treatment may provide more realistic site-specific criteria than single-chemical characterizations such as are undertaken in other approaches, e.g., determination cf partition coefficients (sect. 6.4). 

When the site specific criteria values are not exceeded, make no further assessment of the relevant linkage. 

Carlson AR, Nelson H, Hammermeister DE (1986) Evaluation of site-specific criteria for copper and zinc an integration of metal addition toxicity, effluent and receiving water toxicity, and ecological survey data. Natl Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. EPA/600/ S3-86/026 1-3 Order No. PB85-121101... 

Van Genderen, E., R. Gensemer, C. Smith, et al. 2007. Evaluation of the biotic hgand model relative to other site-specific criteria derivation methods for copper in surface waters with elevated hardness. Aquat. Toxicol. 84 279-291. 

Further assessment of these site specific criteria will be required with regard to ... 

The monitoring of site specific parameters will be undertaken in conjunction with the monitoring that is required as part of the environmental management system for environmental protection purposes (see Chapter 14.4 of this PCSR). With regard to the SSA and other site specific criteria noted above, the parameters to be monitored should include, but not be restricted to ... 

In cooperation with local officials, most licensees have developed site-specific criteria for recommending protective actions to the public. Normally the NRC would not be part of the early predetermined protective action decision process. Licensees are required to report those events to off-site officials within 15 min and then immediately to the NRC (within 1 hr). It is expected to take an additional hour after notification for the NRC response organizations to be activated and prepared to comment on protective action recommendations. Calling the NRC to confirm a preplanned protective action would only delay protective action implementation. 

The wide variation between different ground waters in both sets of experiments emphasizes the necessity of using actual ground waters in all laboratory studies, since the observed plutonium behavior is "ground-water-specific". Moveover, these results reinforce the suggestion made elsewhere (12) that ground-water characterization should be included as a viable repository site-selection criterion. 

Moore DR, Teed RS, Richardson GM. 2003. Derivation of an ambient water quality criterion for mercury taking account of site-specific conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 22 3069-3080. 

Hedtke, S.F. and J.W. Arthur. 1985. Evaluation of a site-specific water quality criterion for pentachlorophenol using outdoor experimental streams. Pages 551-564 in R.D. Cardwell, R. Purdy, and R.C. Bahner (eds.). Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment Seventh Symposium. ASTM STP 854. Amer. Soc. Testing Mater., Philadelphia, PA. 

The site-specific water quality criterion for a given metal is obtained by multiplying the national ambient water quality criterion (AWQC) for that metal by the WER which should be significantly different from 1 ... 

As shown in Table 3.4, acceptance criteria for stabilization parameters may have a range of recommended values. Because some are more stringent than others, they should be used with caution and be adjusted as necessary based on the knowledge of site-specific conditions. For example, the criterion for turbidity of + 10 percent may be too stringent for some hydrogeological conditions or for the conventional sampling method. On the other hand, this criterion may be easily achieved for wells with dedicated submersible pumps and non-turbid, clear groundwater. 

The first criterion for a candidate tRNA to be used as a delivery vehicle for noncanonical amino acids is the ability to insert its appended amino acid site specifically into a target protein. An obvious route is redefining existing codons to encode the noncanonical residue. Rather than using a cis sequence element... 

Their introduction on the grid would have to be technically feasible, i.e. as a general indication the plant capacity should not exceed 10% of the total installed capacity in the interconnected grid (although this criterion has known exceptions) which would require site-specific studies (cf. Section 4.1.2). 

The phosphate monitors in use can experience problems, as a result of chemical reagent quality and monitor reliability. In the Wales case study, this prompted a comprehensive review leading to site-specific improvements where necessary and the adoption of a minimum acceptable criterion for monitoring that the standard deviation of results should not exceed 0.2 mgA (P). The range in dosing performances that were experienced is illustrated by Figure 8.4, but were soon improved where necessary it was found that the application of ortho-phosphate at a constant or near constant dose is necessary to maximise its effect. 

There is currently no nationally agreed risk tolerance criterion to determine when the level of Societal Risk is broadly acceptable . This assessment is site-specific, and would therefore need to be performed for the establishment as part of the safety report denrtonstration and agreed with the CA. 

Coastal processes (D2 - discretionary). This criterion relates to coastal erosion or other landscape changes. This criterion is site specific and is not addressed by the generic APIOOO design. Further consideration of this issue will be necessary at the site specific planning/design stages. 

Proximity to hazardous industrial facilities and operations (D3 - discretionary). The criterion relates to proximity of hazardous industrial facilities for example those that fall under the Control of Major Accidents and Hazards Regulation (COMAH) (Reference Error Reference source not found.). Whilst assessment of this discretionary criterion is site specific, it is addressed in part by the generic APIOOO design. This criterion is discussed further in subsection 3.3.3. 

Size of site to accommodate operation (D9 - discretionary). This criterion requires a demonstration that there will be sufficient area within the boimdaries of the nominated sites to allow secure operation of at least one new build nuclear power station. Atypical layout for the generic APIOOO plant is discussed elsewhere in Chapter 2 of this PCSR. With the exception of the parking area, the entire facility is contained within a perimeter fence that encloses approximately 10 hectares (ha). The site boimdaries for the SSA nominated sites enclose areas of between 75 ha and 298 ha (Reference 3.7). Allowing for ancillary facilities, the typical area estimated for the S SA nominated sites required for operational purposes is 3 0 to 50 ha. Hence, all of the nominated sites are sufficient area for at least one new build nuclear power station. The finalised layout will need to ensure that the constructed AP 1000 plant can be operated in a safe and secure marmer, with access to site (and nuclear materials) strictly controlled. The finalised layout will need to accommodate both generic and site specific requirements and meet with the approval of the regulators. 

Another modification in modeling the dielectric was described recently by Demchuk and Wade." They divided ionizable protein groups into two classes solvent-exposed residues for which the best results are obtained if the protein dielectric constant is set close to that of the aqueous solvent, and buried residues for which the best results are obtained using lower, site-specific protein dielectric constants. These two classes of ionizable sites can be distinguished using a criterion based on desolvation energy. 

This requirement developed as a result of various considerations. In late 1960, the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards proposed a rather specific criterion—no lethal doses at the population center for the worst conceivable accident (an uncontained meltdown as considered in WASH 740). This philosophy was reflected in the statement of considerations which accompanied the interim version of the site criteria released in March 1961 ... 

Terra-Vac, Inc., developed the In-Situ Vacuum Extraction process, which removes volatile organic constituents (VOCs) from the unsaturated zone of soils through extraction wells. The extracted gases and water proceed to a vapor-liquid separator and an emission control system. The process has been employed at over 60 sites. Four case studies, including three Superfund sites, have been documented. The process represents a viable technology to fully remediate sites contaminated with volatile organics. Considerations for use include contaminent volatility, site-specific cleanup level, and soil properties. The process works well with most soil types. The air-filled porosity of a soil is an important criterion to indicate whether vacuum extraction will work. Soils with low permeability but with... 

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