Ortho-phosphate

II RO—P—OR phosphate ester (phosphate) (ortho)phosphoric acid, mono-, di-, and triesters exist... 

Zinc forms a wide variety of other salts, many by reaction with the adds, though some can only be obtained by fusing the oxides together. The salts include arsenates (ortho, pyro, and meta), the borate, bromate, chlorate, chlorite, various chromates, cyanide, iodate. various periodates, permanganate, phosphates (ortho, pyro, meta, various double phosphates 1. die selenate, selenites, various silicates, fluosilicate. sulfate, sulfite, and duocyanate. 

The tribofilms consist of amorphous, short-chain phosphates (ortho- and metaphosphates), with some evidence of sulfur incorporated into the phosphate chain structure. Tribofilm structure depends not only on the lubricant composition of the substrate material, but also on the severity of the rubbing contact. The ZDDP typically forms phosphates under antiwear conditions, whereas sulfides and sulfates are typically formed under severe or very severe conditions, li > 0.8 (Willermet et al., 1997). 

The alteration of mineral and casein equilibria is reflected in changes to the physical properties of milk. The addition of citrate and different types of phosphates (ortho-, pyro-, or hexameta) to milk protein concentrate solutions, which alters the distribution of calcium and inorganic phosphate between the colloidal and serum phases of milk, affects its turbidity and buffering capacity (Mizuno and Lucey, 2005). The turbidity is affected because dissolution of colloidal calcium phosphate is accompanied by release of caseins into the serum. 

Beilstein Handbook Reference) BRN 1542822 Diethyl (1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)phosphonothioate Diethyl phthalimidophosphono-thioate (1,3-Dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-iyl)phos-phonothioic acid 0,0-diethylester Ditalimfos Dital-imphos Dowco 199 Frutogard Laptran Leuoon M-2452 Millie 0 199 Plondrel 0,0-Diathyl- -phtalimido-thiophosphat 0,0-Diethyl (1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)phosphonothioate 0,0-Diethyl phthalim-ido-phosphonothioate 0.0-Diethyl phthalimidothio-phosphate Ortho 199 Phosphonothioic acid, (1.2-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-,0,0-diethyl ester ... 

Definition Primarily sodium aluminate (hydrated), sodium phosphate (ortho), and sm. amts, of sodium carbonate and sodium silicate Properties Wh. powd. 

We have considered a phosphate, ortho- or condensed, to be more or less the same. This is surely not true when considering their role in life processes. It is their unique properties that give condensed phosphates their outstanding safety properties. Not only will a structure such as a fiber, composed of condensed phosphates, fall apart to become a nutrient, but enzymes in living organisms will cause it to fall apart more than one million times as rapidly as they would in sterile systems. Condensed phosphates are the ultimate in a biodegradable substance. Moreover, they fall apart to a beneficial orthophosphate that fosters and nurtures life. 

Triaryl phosphates are produced from the corresponding phenols (usually mixtures) by reaction with phosphoms oxychloride, usually in the presence of a catalyst (94—96). They are subsequently distilled and usually washed with aqueous bases to the desired level of purity. Tricresyl phosphate was originally made from petroleum-derived or coal-tar-derived cresyflc acids, ie, cresols, variously admixed with phenol and xylenols. Discovery of the toxicity of the ortho-cresyl isomers led manufacturers to select cresols having very Httle ortho-isomer. 

A particular mode of neurotoxicity was discovered for tricresyl phosphate that correlated with the presence of the o-cresyl isomer (or certain other specific aLkylphenyl isomers) in the triaryl phosphates. Many details of the chemistry and biochemistry of the toxic process have been elucidated (139,140,143—146). The use of low ortho-content cresols has become the accepted practice in industrial production of tricresyl phosphate. Standard in vivo tests, usually conducted with chickens sensitive to this mode of toxicity, have been developed for premarket testing of new or modified triaryl phosphates. As of 1992, the EPA called for extensive new toxicity and environmental data on this group of products (147). The Vederal e ster AoQ xm. ci. calling for this... 

Table 6 Hsts the leavening acids and the corresponding rates of reaction. The leavening acids most frequently used iaclude potassium acid tartrate, sodium aluminum sulfate, 5-gluconolactone, and ortho- and pyrophosphates. The phosphates iaclude calcium phosphate [7758-23-8] CaHPO, sodium aluminum phosphate, and sodium acid pyrophosphate (66).

Ammonia is consumed in the manufacture of ammonium phosphates and ammonium sulfate by reaction with phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, respectively. The phosphates may contain ortho- and polyphosphate values. Ammonium sulfate is also a by-product from other ammonia-using industries such as caprolactam (qv) and hydrogen cyanide (see Cyanides). 

A variety of cyclic ortho esters,including cyclic orthoformates, have been developed to protect czs-1,2-diols. Cyclic ortho esters are more readily cleaved by acidic hydrolysis (e.g., by a phosphate buffer, pH 4.5-7.5, or by 0.005-0.05 M HCl) than are acetonides. Careful hydrolysis or reduction can be used to prepare selectively monoprotected diol derivatives. 

First synthesis of aji organo-P comp iund by J. L. Lassaigne who made alkyl phosphites from H P04 + ROH. T. Graham (who later became the Hrst President of the Chemical Society) classiHed phosphates as ortho, pyro or meta, following J. J. Berzelius s preparation of pyrophosphoric acid by heat. 

The solvent action of mineral oil base stocks can cause skin problems and prolonged exposure may have been the origin of a few skin cancers . The use of additives that might be in any way harmful to health, e.g. ortho-tricresyl phosphate (anti-wear) and sodium mercaptobenzothiazole (anticorrosion) has been discontinued where skin contact is likely. 

The calcium phosphate solubility constant [KCa3(P04)2] is extremely small and phosphate quickly reacts with calcium when present in warm to hot, alkaline BW in the ortho- form. This reaction is complete and superior to the soda ash precipitation reaction. In addition, calcium phosphate is stable and does not decompose. 

When AMP is heated under reflux in DMF, the 2, 3 -cyclic phosphate is formed, and cyclic phosphates can also be obtained from nucleosides and ortho-, pyro-, or poly-phosphoric acids under the same conditions. Promotion of phosphorylation by DMF is well known and the reaction with AMP is probably intermolecular as no 3, 5 -cyclic AMP can be detected. Minor products in the latter reaction are the 2, 3 -cyclic 5 -diphosphate and the 2 (30,5 -diphosphate. The synthesis of adenosine 2 (3 )-phosphate 5 -pyrophosphate has been achieved by the phosphoromorpholidate method used in a synthesis of Co A. ... 

Patterns of excretion in rats differed among [14C]labeled tricresyl phosphate isomers administered by gavage at dosage levels ranging from 0.5 to 200 mg/kg (NTP 1988). Radioactivity from tn-ortho-cresy phosphate was excreted within 24 hours predominately in urine at all dosage levels ( 70% of applied doses). Radioactivity from trww-cresyl phosphate was excreted predominately in feces at all dosage levels. 

An organophosphate ester commonly used in hydraulic fluids, tricresyl phosphate (TCP), and tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), a possible contaminant of older formulations of TCP, have been shown to alter testicular morphology, testicular function, and reproductive function in rodents after oral exposure (Carlton et al. 1987 Chapin et al. 1988 NTP 1994 Somkuti et al. 1987a, 1987b). 

One of the main human health concerns about organophosphate esters is the potential for neurotoxicity reactions, in particular a condition known as organophosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). Tri-ort/20-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) has been identified as one of the more potent OPIDN neurotoxins in humans, and was formerly a constituent in some organophosphate ester hydraulic fluid products (Marino 1992 Marino and Placek 1994). Production processes now routinely remove virtually all the TOCP. For instance, tricresyl phosphate (TCP) products now typically are manufactured to contain over 98% meta and para isomers and virtually no TOCP (Marino and Placek 1994). Products containing these compounds associated with OPIDN have now entirely disappeared from commercial use, and the vast majority of the industrial organophosphate esters are based on triaryl phosphates with no halogenated components (Marino 1992). At waste disposal sites, however, site contaminants from older product formulations containing the ortho form may be encountered. 

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