Remediation site

A number of treatment technologies are applied in contaminated site 

Direct oxidation of organic contaminants in the soil can be performed either in situ or ex situ with hydrogen peroxide alone or with the addition of iron salts to increase the oxidation power of the treatment (Fenton s reagent). Direct 

Bioreactor systems, used in pump and treat methods, can experience limitations in oxygen transfer which can slow the rate of degradation of pollutants. Hydrogen peroxide or sodium percarbonate can be applied as a supplemental oxygen source for bioreactor systems, improving the bioreactor efficiency when dealing with situations of limited oxygen supply. 

There are several examples of soil remediation technologies which have been applied to real situations, some of which are discussed below. 

Treatment of an underground gasoline pipeline spill in the USA. A collection system recovered most of the gasoline from an area of impermeable soil on top of fractured limestone. Hydrogen peroxide assisted bioremediation was chosen to treat the remainder of the gasoline to improve the rate of remediation. Treatment of a gasoline station in the Netherlands was also successfully achieved with minimal disruption to the activities of the filling station.46 

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Zomberg, R. and B. Wainwright, Waste Minimization Applications in Industiy and Hazardous Waste Site Remediation, Riverdale, New York, 1992/1993, p. 37. 

The DOE and private industry have learned many lessons from years of experienee in site remediation. This book will refer to seleeted lessons learned from the DOE, the Army Corps of Engineers, private industry, and personal experienee. After reading this book the reader should have a better understanding of how to interpret the hazardous waste requirements to make sure eomplianee is maintained at a high level for eaeh site-speeifie aetivity. Over and above eomplianee, the authors eneourage the development of health and safety programs to help build a sound and workable safety eulture that ean be utilized aeross all boundaries. 

In many eases, treating sites as being hazardous waste sites ean help to minimize any assoeiated health and safety risk if more seriously eontaminated areas are diseovered during site remediation, or eleanup, workers will not be overexposed based on eurrent requirements. 

As piirt of each haz, irdous waste remedial action, the contamination at the site must be assessed. The options for remedial action to remo c or otherwise deal with hazardous materials will depend on the nature of the coutamiiuition lliat will be allowed to remain on site tifter cletmup. Thus there must be plans for site remediation to cover any accidental or emergency discharges to land or soils that might develop. 

Him thickness varied between 50 and 140/im. Some parts had not been primed. Although the remedial re-blast cleaning of all surfaces had to be carried out in-situ, and a suitable system applied, the resulting protection (Fig. 19.61) after exposure for 4 years was still of the high order expected. The only difference between the two contracts was that full-time specialist inspection was given at every stage of the site remedial work. 

Hamby DM (1996) Site remediation techniques supporting environmental restoration activities—a review. Sci Tot Environ 191 203-224. 

Verstraete W, W Devlieger (1996) Formation of non-bioavailable organic residues in soil perspectives for site remediation. Biodegradation 7 471-485. 

J. J. Kilbane, II, P. Chowdiah, K. J. Kayser, B. Misra, K. A. Jackowski, V. J. Srivastava, G. N. Sethu, A. D. Nikolov, and D. T. Wasan. Remediation of contaminated soils using foams. In Proceedings Volume. 10th Inst Gas Technol Gas, Oil Environ Biotechnol Site Remediation Technol Int Symp (Orlando, FL, 12/8-12/10), 1997. 

Source From UNIDO, Case Studies of Cleaner Production and Site Remediation, Training Manual DTT-5-4-95, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Industrial Sectors and Environment Division, Vienna, Austria, April 1995. 

Limitations need to be carefully considered before selecting this method for site remediation. These include the depth of contamination, the total length of time required for cleanup to below accepted limits, potential contamination of vegetation and the food chain, and difficulty in establishing and maintaining vegetation at some polluted sites.8... 

Grasso, D., Hazardous Waste Site Remediation Source Control, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 

This chapter presents a regulatory overview of on-site remediation, remedial investigations (RI), feasibility studies (FS), remedial technologies, and a simulated case study. The discussion of remedial investigations and feasibility studies also includes the development and selection of remedial technologies. The case study outlines a remedial investigation and feasibility study, as well as the selection of remedial technologies. 

SARA requires that remedial actions meet all applicable or relevant federal standards or any more stringent state standards. Nine criteria that need to be met are set by CERCLA as amended by SARA for a complete assessment of treatment alternatives applicable for a site remedial action12 ... 

Scoping is the initial planning phase of site remediation and is a part of the funding allocation and planning process.12 Scoping of the RI/FS comprises the following steps ... 

Beginning preliminary identification of ARARs and to be considered (TBC) information. This preliminarily identifies the ARARs that are expected to apply to site characterization and site remediation activities. 

Grouted barriers use a variety of fluids injected into a rock or soil mass, which is set in place to reduce water flow and strengthen the formation. Grouted barriers are seldom used for containing groundwater flow in unconsolidated materials around hazardous waste sites because they cost more and have lower permeability than bentonite slurry walls. Nevertheless, they are suited to sealing voids in rock for waste sites remediation. 

Membrane filtration processes have been successfully applied to the field of environmental engineering for air pollution control,34 potable water purification,22-24 groundwater decontamination,35,36 industrial effluent treatment,37 hazardous leachate treatment,35,36 and site remediation,36 mainly because membrane filtration can remove heavy metals and organics. 

In fact, the nonaction alternative also requires groundwater monitoring and fencing. The following paragraphs describe the actions posed by the nonaction alternative and the four alternatives with actions, considering the site remediation case shown in Figure 16.21 and Table 16.9. 

For the site remediation case shown in Figure 16.21, this alternative consists of in situ SVE of TCE-contaminated soil (Area 2), in situ soil fixation of lead-contaminated soil (Area 1), cap (Area 1), and the groundwater pump-and-treat components of Alternative 3. 

This alternative includes components of Alternatives 3 and 4 and introduces a thermal destruction component to address the TCE-contaminated soil. For the site remediation case shown in Figure 16.21, the lead-contaminated soil in Area 1 would be fixed and covered with a soil/clay cap, as described in Alternative 4. The groundwater would be addressed through pumping and treating, via an air stripper, as described in Alternatives 3 and 4. The TCE-contaminated soil in Area 2 would be excavated and treated on site by a thermal destruction unit comprisng a mobilized rotary kiln. 

At a hazardous waste site, remediation and decontamination facilities should be located in the CRZ, that is, the area between the exclusion zone (the contaminated area) and the support zone (the clean area). The level and types of remediation and decontamination procedures required depend on several site-specific factors ... 

O Brien Gere Engineerings, The engineering perspective, in Hazardous Waste Site Remediation, Bellandi, R., Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1988, p. 422. 

Evans, M.L., Porges, R.E., Coghlan, G.H., Eilers, R.G., and Glazer, A.G., Methodology and model for performance and cost comparison of innovative treatment technologies at wood preserving sites, Remediation J., 12, 37-54, 2001. 

NJ DEP, Underground Storage Tanks (USTs), Site Remediation and Waste Management, NJ Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ, November 2006. 

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