Signaling activation

PO performs vitally important functions in the plant cell and is mainly associated with the oxidation of phenolic compounds and with the formation and strengthening of the cell wall (Passardi et al., 2004). PO is involved in the oxidative transformation of molecules in growth-regulating or signalling activities and - as a result - can also perform regulatory functions in the cell. Plant POs are represented by genetically different proteins with the same enzymatic activity (Welinder et al., 2002). 

Rocha-Sosa M, Sonnewald U, Frommer W, Stratman M, Schell J, Willmitzer L (1989) Both developmental and metabolic signals activate the promoter of class I patatin gene. EMBO J 8 23-29... 

The exact biochemical signal profile elicited by chemokines is likely to vary according to individual chemokine-receptor interactions as well as cell type and its activation status. In order to fully appreciate the range of signals activated by chemokines, this chapter will focus on the biochemical events that have been identified in T lymphocytes and assess their relative importance and contribution to the ensuing migratory response. 

Yurchenko, V. et al. (2002) Active site residues of cyclophilin A are crucial for its signaling activity via CD147./. Biol. Cbem. 277, 22959-22965. 

These receptors span the membrane. The signal activates a channel,... 

Enzyme coupled receptors Signal activates an enzyme activity of the receptor itself—tyrosine kinases, phospholipase C. 

G-protein coupled receptors Signal activates a G-protein that activates downstream enzymes—makes second messenger (cAMP or Ca2+). 

Ion-channel coupled receptors Signal activates an ion channel. 

The signal activates the flow of ions across the membrane. 

Secondary signals Glucose signals activate (fructose 2,6-bis-phosphate activates phosphofructokinase). Low-glucose signals inhibit. 

Wounding and herbivore attack Different situations such as mechanical wounding or insect feeding produced the induction of LOX transcripts in wounded and systemic leaves in the same plant. The function of LOX in wounding seems to be related to the synthesis of a number of different compounds with signaling activity. 

Medzhitov, R.., Prestonhurlburt, P. and Janeway, C. A., A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity, Nature, 388, 394, 1997. 

Alarms should be initialed by the local or main control facility for the location. Manual activation means should be provided for all emergency, fire, and toxic vapor alarm signals. Activation of fire suppression systems by automatic means should also indicate a facility alarm. Most fire and gas detection systems are also set to automatically activate alarms after confirmation and set points have been reached. Manual activation of field or plant alarm stations should activate the process or facility alarms. 

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