Activation and signaling

Brummendorf, T. and Rathjen, F. G. Axonal glycoproteins with immunoglobulin and fibronectin type II-related domains in vertebrates Structural features, binding activities and signal transduction. /. Neurochem. 61 1207-1219, 1993. 

Abnormal protein kinase C activity and signaling pathways. 

Ras and its relatives are subjects of intensive investigations by biological, biochemical, biophysical, and medical studies. Within just one decade more than 17,000 articles (Medline, 1966-2000) deal with function and properties of this protein. Structural and functional data, based on Ras as a prototype, have provided insight into the basic principles of GTP-binding proteins, their activation, de-activation, and signal transmission. 

Communications plays a vital role in alerting and notifying both in facility personnel and outside emergency agencies that a major incident has occurred. Communication systems should not be arranged so a single point failure exists. Of primary concern is the provision of a backup source of power and a remote backup activation and signaling post. 

Fig. 4 Interaction of basic FGF on heparan sulfate PG (1) and free GAG (2) induces FGFR dimerization, leading to tyrosine kinase (TK) activation and signal transduction.

Kovermann P et al. (2002) Tim22, the essential core of the mitochondrial protein insertion complex, forms a voltage-activated and signal-gated channel. Mol Cell 9 363-... 

We end by restating the principal observations afforded by biochemical and structural studies of G protein effector activation and signal termination. 

Gaborik, Z., Jagadeesh, G., Zhang, M., Spat, A., Catt, K.J., and Hunyady, L. (2003). The role of a conserved region of the second intracellular loop in ATI angiotensin receptor activation and signaling. Endocrinology 144, 2220-2228. 

In spite of their fundamental importance for the rapid regulation of many biological systems, relatively little is known about the kinetics of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation and signaling. Most... 

Fig. 3. Kinetics of the different steps in GPCR activation and signaling. Shown are the fast and slow phases of PTH binding to the PTH receptor, and the PTH-induced increase in in tracellular cAMP. PTH binding was measured by FRET as indicated in Fig. 2A. cAMP levels were determined by FRET using the epacl-sensor (Nikolaev et at, 2004). Note that the conformational change of the PTH receptor (measured as depicted in Fig. 2B) has the same kinetics as the slow phase of PTH binding [modified from Castro et at. (2005)].

Flg. 11.10 The two acid derivatives of vitamin A alLtrans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid, which participate in activation and signalling of the retinoic acid receptors (all-trans retinoic acid is vitamin A acid). 

The essential features of lymphocyte activation resemble receptor-mediated signalling by cytokines. In both cases, the receptors lack kinase activities, and signalling firom the receptor on the cell surface to transmitters, and eventually to the nucleus and the genes, is mediated and controlled by cytosolic protein kinases and phosphatases. Recognition... 

Molecular Mechanisms of Cytokines. Growth Factors, and Chemokines Activity and Signaling... 

Lau L-F, PumigliaK, Cote YP, Feinstein MB Thrombin-receptor agonist peptides, in contrast to thrombin itsdf, are not fiill agonists for activation and signal transduction in human platdets in the absence of platdd-derived secondary mediators. Biochem J 303 391,1994... 

Fig. 5.1 General scheme of the activation and signal transduction cascade by a GPCR. After binding of a ligand, the receptor is stabilized in the active conformation. It then can bind to the heterotrimeric G-protein. GDP bound by the a-subunit is exchanged by GTP.

Mukhopadhyay A, Saddoughi SA, Song P et al (2009) Direct interaction between the inhibitor 2 and ceramide via sphingolipid-protein binding is involved in the regulation of protein phosphatase 2A activity and signaling. FASEB J 23 751-763... 

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