Signals metabolic

Pilkis SJ et al 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphospha-tase A metabolic signaling enzyme. Annu Rev Biochem 1995 64 799. 

PUSZTAI A (1993) Dietary lectins are metabolic signals for the gut and modulate immune and hormone functions. Eur J Clin Nutr. 47 691-9. 

Rocha-Sosa M, Sonnewald U, Frommer W, Stratman M, Schell J, Willmitzer L (1989) Both developmental and metabolic signals activate the promoter of class I patatin gene. EMBO J 8 23-29... 

These plant responses are largely controlled by the internal status of plant (40). On the other hand, it has been shown that the occurrence of nutrient-rich patches in the soil can trigger changes in root architecture and also in the capacity for nutrient acquisition (46,47). Recent results indicate that this behavior is dependent not only on internal (metabolic) signals but also on the capacity to sense... 

We ll distinguish five basic metabolic states. There are three major metabolic signals that we ll consider—insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine. 

Calcium is essential for bones, teeth, metabolic signaling and regulation, and other bodily functions. Adults require an intake of around lg per day only about 10% of the calcium ingested is absorbed into the body - less from a low-protein diet, more from a high-protein diet. Vitamin D facilitates absorption, as does... 

In an attempt to maintain the ATP/ADP concentration ratio close to the normal value, the myocardium responds in two ways. The rate of ATP generation is increased and the rate of ATP utilisation is decreased. Indeed it is the decrease in the ATP/ADP concentration ratio that results in metabolic changes (i.e. produces metabolic signals) that increase ATP generation and decrease ATP utilisation in the cardiomyocyte. In fact, one signal has both effects, adenosine (see below). 

Sixth, if the vast array of sites and site-important molecules is not enough, protein-protein interactions are part of most cellular processes including carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism, signal transduction, cellular architecture, and cell-cycle regulation. In fact, many of the major diseases are believed to involve a breakdown in such protein-protein interactions. These include some cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune disorders. 

Thus far we have been concerned with the metabolism of fatty acids in relationship to the storage and release of energy. In chapter 19, Biosynthesis of Membrane Lipids, we focus on the metabolism of lipids that serve other roles. Many types of lipids are essential membrane components. A number of lipids also function as metabolic signals in response to hormonal signals. These lipid molecules are known as second messengers. 

Tsacopoulos M. (2002). Metabolic signaling between neurons and glial cells a short review. J. Physiol. (Paris) 96 283-288. 

Prentki, M. New insights into pancreatic betacell metabolic signaling in insulin secretion. Eur.J. Endocrinol. 1996,134 272-286. 

Many methods have been developed for model analysis for instance, bifurcation and stability analysis [88, 89], parameter sensitivity analysis [90], metabolic control analysis [16, 17, 91] and biochemical systems analysis [18]. One highly important method for model analysis and especially for large models, such as many silicon cell models, is model reduction. Model reduction has a long history in the analysis of biochemical reaction networks and in the analysis of nonlinear dynamics (slow and fast manifolds) [92-104]. In all cases, the aim of model reduction is to derive a simplified model from a larger ancestral model that satisfies a number of criteria. In the following sections we describe a relatively new form of model reduction for biochemical reaction networks, such as metabolic, signaling, or genetic networks. 

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