Signal transduction activation

XU K and thornalley p j (2001) Signal transduction activated by the cancer chemopreventive isothiocyanates cleavage of BID protein, tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of INK , Br J Cancer, 84 670-73. 

Weber G, Shen F, Yang H, Prajda N, Li W (1999) Regulation of signal transduction activity in normal and cancer cells. Anticancer Res 19(5A) 3703-3709... 

Francesconi, A. and Duvoisin, R. M. (1998) Role of the second and third intracellular loops of metabotropic glutamate receptors in mediating dual signal transduction activation. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 5615-5624. 

Cells carefully control the homeostasis of their ion concentrations by the action of ion channels (Na, K , Ca " channels) and throu Na, K -ATPase and Ca -ATPase. These channels and pumps are involved in signal transduction, active transport processes, and neuronal and neuromuscular signaling. Inhibition of transport processes (ion channels, carriers) is achieved by (Table IV) acronycine, ervatamine, harmaline, quinine, reserpine, colchicine, nitidine, salsolinol, sanguinarine, stepholidine, caffeine, sparteine, monocrotaline, steroidal alkaloids, aconitine, capsaicine, cassaine, maitoxin, ochratoxin, palytoxin, pumiliotoxin, saxitoxin, sole-nopsine, and tetrodotoxin. 

CSF and IL-3, IL-5 binds with high affinity (452-454). Both subunits are necessary for signal transduction (455). The pathway for signal trai duction includes activation of two Janus kinases (JAKl and JAK2) and the signal transduction/activator STATS (456, 457). 

In visual signal transduction, activation proceeds from the receptor, rhodopsin, to the effector, phosphodiesterase (PDE), via the visual G protein, Gp Each Mil sequentially binds and activates up to 100 Gj, thus MII-Gj binding initiates the first stage of signal amplification in the visual pathway. Litman et al. (2001) have studied the phospholipid acyl chain dependence of the kinetics of formation of both the Mil conformation and the... 

Recently, a signal transduction activity of the prion protein by achieving tyrosine kinase Fyn was described (Mouillet-Richard et al, 2000). Since PrpC locates GPI-anchored at the cell surface, whereas Fyn-kinase is associated with the inner plasma membrane of the cell, a transmembrane receptor might mediate the PrP dependent activation of the Fyn-kinase. 

The biphasic response in their third scheme or model (i.e., type III) results from signal transduction activities that are removed from the response element (ligand-receptor complex). In this situation, the biphasic nature of the response derives from the properties of the signal transducing components. The authors proposed a variety ways in which the biphasic dose response could occur depending on the type of properties of the response element (RE), molecular inputs, and complexity of the biochemical pathways. 

Zhao, B. and Nemere, I. 2002. l,25(OH)2D3-mediated phosphate uptake in isolated chick intestinal cells Effect of 24,25(OH)2D3, signal transduction activators, and age. J. Cell. Biochem. 86(3) 497-508. 

This process is additive as the concomitant phosphorylation activates additional paxillin and tensin, forming more FACs. The recruitment of these enzymes, proteins, and other necessary substrates to a concentrated area improve reaction kinetics by reducing any spatial dependence on substrates necessary for signal transduction. Activated FAK also initiates the P13K, p38, and JNK pathways, as well as ERKl/2 to concomitantly initiate the MAPK pathway. The MAPK pathway may control cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, as it can function in an anabolic or catabolic manner (Takai et al.,... 

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