Cellular signaling enzyme activation

At a cellular level, the activation of mAChRs leads to a wide spectrum of biochemical and electrophysiological responses [1, 5]. The precise pattern of responses that can be observed does not only depend on the nature of the activated G proteins (receptor subtypes) but also on which specific components of different signaling cascades (e.g. effector enzymes or ion channels) are actually expressed in the studied cell type or tissue. The observed effects can be caused by direct interactions of the activated G protein(s) with effector enzymes or ion channels or may be mediated by second messengers (Ca2+, DP3, etc.) generated upon mAChR stimulation. 

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