Biochemical signal

Testa, B., Kier, L. B., Bojarski, A. J. Molecules and meaning how do molecules become biochemical signals. SEED Electronic J. 2002, 2, 84-101. http //www.library.utoronto.ca/see/ SEED/Vol2-2/2-2%20resolved/... 

The exact biochemical signal profile elicited by chemokines is likely to vary according to individual chemokine-receptor interactions as well as cell type and its activation status. In order to fully appreciate the range of signals activated by chemokines, this chapter will focus on the biochemical events that have been identified in T lymphocytes and assess their relative importance and contribution to the ensuing migratory response. 

Sotsios Y, Ward SG. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase a key biochemical signal for cell migration in response to chemokines. Immunol Rev 2000 177 217-235. 

Tsien, R. Y. Fluorescent and photochemical probes of dynamic biochemical signals inside living cells. In Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition. ACS symposium series 538, 1993. 

Most of the antibiotics commercially available nowadays are derivatives of natural compounds produced by bacteria or fungi. It is widely accepted that in nature these secondary metabolites can act as weapons for microbial cell defence, inhibiting the growth of competitors. However, it seems that antibiotics have, in nature, more sophisticated and complex functions [1-3]. Many environmental bacteria can not only cope with natural antimicrobial substances but also benefit from their presence. For instance, the use of antibiotics by bacteria as biochemical signals, modulators of metabolic activity or even carbon sources has been demonstrated [1, 2, 4]. In other cases, antibiotics can be tolerated because they have structures similar to the natural substrates of bacterial housekeeping enzymes and thus are inactivated, leading to a natural form of resistance [2]. These are just some... 

Control and regulation. In biochemical signal chains, proteins function as signaling substances (hormones) and as hormone receptors. The complex between the growth... 

Skeletal myoblasts are adult, tissue-specific stem cells [73] located between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma on the periphery of the mature skeletal-muscle fiber [74]. Also known as muscle satellite cells, these small, mononuclear cells are activated by biochemical signals to divide and differentiate into fusion-competent cells after muscle injury. 

Figure 5.1 Growth factor receptors are illustrated here. Docking proteins—receptors for protein growth factors—are embedded in the outer membranes of cells. Binding of the specific growth factor triggers a cascade of biochemical signals that cause the cell to divide and express the proteins that give the cell specialized properties.

Sweat J (2001) The nem-onal MAP kinase cascade a biochemical signal integration system subserving synaptic plasticity and memory. J Neurochem 76 1-10 Szapiro G, Vianna MRM, McGaugh JL, Medina JH, Izquierdo 1 (2003) The role of NMDA glutamate receptors, PKA, MAPK, and CAMKll in the hippocampus in extinction of conditioned fear. Hippocampus 13 53-58... 

There are three principal classes of opiate receptors, designated x, K, and 5, and there exist a number of drugs that are specific for each of these receptor types. However, most of the clinically used opiates are quite selective for the preceptor the endogenous opiates enkephalin, endorphin and dynorphin are selective for the p and 5, 5 and k receptors respectively. When activated by opioids these receptors produce biochemical signals that block neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals, a process that underlies their blockade of pain signaling pathways as well as other effects, such as constipation, diuresis, euphoria, and feeding. 

The experimental data presented show that sNPS can be used as transducers, which are stable for a long time after the construction of an immune biosensor. The specific immune complex formed on the sNPS surface may be registered by measuring its photoluminescence or photoconductivity. Such immune biosensors can be applied for control of T2 mycotoxin. The biosensors developed are sensitive and simple and allows for rapid analysis and analysis in field conditions. This approach may be applied for detection of any biochemical substances which can form an immune complex. Further investigations should be directed towards studying the mechanism of the biochemical signal detection by the sNPS and characterization of all the steps of analysis. 

A great deal of biochemical signalling and semiochemistry involves the specific molecular recognition of tiny amounts of molecular messengers such as neurotransmitters, hormones and pheromones. 

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