Seeds mammals

Fats and oils may be synthesized in enantiomerically pure forms in the laboratory (30) or derived from vegetable sources (mainly from nuts, beans, and seeds), animal depot fats, fish, or marine mammals. Oils obtained from other sources differ markedly in their fatty acid distribution. Table 2 shows compositions for a wide variety of oils. One variation in composition is the chain length of the fatty acid. Butterfat, for example, has a fairly high concentration of short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Oils derived from cuphea are also a rich source of capric acid which is considered to be medium in chain length (32). Palm kernel and coconut oils are known as lauric oils because of their high content of C-12 saturated fatty acid (lauric acid). Rapeseed oil, on the other hand, has a fairly high concentration of long-chain (C-20 and C-22) fatty acids. 

Fibers (see Fibers, survey) used in textile production can have a wide variety of origins plants, ie, ceUulosic fibers (see Fibers, cellulose esters) animals, ie, protein fibers (see Wool) and, in the twentieth century, synthetic polymers. Depending on the part of the plant, the ceUulosic fibers can be classified as seed fibers, eg, cotton (qv), kapok bast fibers, eg, linen from flax, hemp, jute and leaf fibers, eg, agave. Protein fibers include wool and hair fibers from a large variety of mammals, eg, sheep, goats, camels, rabbits, etc, and the cocoon material of insect larvae (sUk). Real sUk is derived from the cocoon of the silkworm, Bombjx mori and for a long time was only produced in China, from which it was traded widely as a highly valuable material. 

Calcium is a macronutrient essential for all organisms. Chlorine is a micronutrient essential for higher (ie, seed) plants but not considered essential for mammals. Above certain levels chloride is toxic to plants and animals, thus when considering calcium chloride, potentially large concentrations of calcium ion can be tolerated, but at these concentrations the chloride ion becomes toxic. 

Capsaicin is what makes chili peppers hot. It is an irritant, for mammals, but not for birds. This may be because birds spread the seeds better than mammals. It causes a burning sensation in any mammalian tissue with which it comes in contact. 

Grimson A, Earh KK, Johnston WK, Garrett-Engele P, Lim LP, Bartel DP (2007) MicroRNA targeting specificity in mammals determinants beyond seed pairing. Mol Cell 27 91-105... 

Making a list, Muller outlined the desirable characteristics of an ideal insecticide. It should be toxic to insects but harmless to mammals, fish, and plants act rapidly have no irritating odor and be inexpensive. To his list, Muller added two more properties. The ideal insecticide should affect as many kinds of insects as possible, and it should be chemically stable for a long time. Finally, Muller decided to use as a starting point Geigy s mothproofing compound, the chlorinated hydrocarbon that was extremely stable on woolens. Thus, from the beginning, Muller s search contained the seeds of its own disaster. In the future, it would kill beneficial as well as harmful insects, and it would persist for decades in the environment. 

The weevils do not linger to feed and breed in seed cones as they do in pollen cones, even though starch is plentiful here as well. This behavioral difference is not yet completely understood, but it seems that the cones of female plants contain an active poison called beta-(methylamino)alanine (BMAA). This substance is a recognized neurotoxin for mammals and is believed to affect insects as well. The male plants pollen cones also contain BMAA, but in a bound form that renders it harmless, allowing the weevils to nest and feed with impunity. In contrast, seed cones contain free toxic BMAA that presumably repels weevils and causes them to depart after quick examination and inadvertent pollination. 

The history of Delphinium is more peaceful, although, due to its poisinous property it was used against mammals. Crushed seeds of Delphinium staphisagria L. was used against body lice [5]. British army used the plant for this aim in Waterloo war as well as in the Great War. Medicinal use of Aconitum and Delphinium spans... 

Relationship between cone crop and seed crop 6 Cone insect damage to developing cones 7a Small-mammal damage to developing cones... 

Abundance ofcones and seeds and predation by cone insects 6a Abundance of cones and small-mammal predation of cones 6b Giaracteristics of forest stands and small-mammal populations... 

Fruit and seeds make up the largest part of the diet of most of the common small mammals on our study sites, particularly the deer mouse, harvest mouse, chipmunk, ground squirrel, and western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus anthonyi). The gray squirrel is an excellent example of the interactions within this forest and of the potential effects of oxidant air pollution. It is abundant throughout the mixed-conifer type, depend-... 

Selenocystathionin occurs in seeds of the Central and South American Lecythis ollaria. It causes abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Lathyrus odora-tus contains aminopropionitrile (Rosenthal and Bell, 1979). 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid (Fig. 11.10) in Lathyrus latifolius and Lathyrus sylvestris causes muscular weakness, paralysis, and death in humans and other mammals. In India, 25000 cases of this neurolathyrism were reported in a population of 634000 people (Rosenthal, 1991). 3-Cyanoalanine (Fig. 11.10) from Vivia sativa and 15 other Vivia species causes convulsion, rigidity, and death. 

Many plants contain estrogenic compounds. Estrone (Fig. 11.11) is found in seeds of date palms, pomegranates, and apples, and estriol in willow. These may be merely by-products of sterol metabolism, or serve a particular function. Harborne (1993) proposed that plants synthesize steroid hormones to deter feeding by mammals. Estrogenic compounds in plants are thought to upset the delicate hormone balance of mammals. 

Passage through birds or mammals conditions seeds in several ways. Passage time varies from 30 minutes in some songbirds to up to 60 days in horses (Table 12.11). Seeds may not necessarily be affected, especially during short passage times, and at the other extreme, they may be completely destroyed, as by the... 

Unripe fruits of many plants contain compounds such as quinines that impart an aversive taste and discourage fruit eaters from consuming them before they are ripe and their seeds are mature and ready for dispersal. Unripe fruit of some Rhamnus species contain emodin, an anthraquinone that deters birds and mammals from feeding. Anthraquinone reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on rice by 84%, and 71% in boat-tailed grackles (Avery etal, 1997). 

As reviewed by Ujvary some of the earliest natural product-based pesticides were those for the elimination of vertebrate pests. For example, strychnine (Fig. 19), obtained from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, is a rodenticide that is an antagonist to the neurotransmitter glycine and is used against a few mammal species, as well as pest birds and fish. The first generation of anticoagulant rodenticides were based on dicoumarin. 

Leafy Spurge Root Extractives. Prior chemical examinations of leafy spurge have considered only aerial portions of the plant. Our recent chemical examination of root material relative to mammalian toxicity and/or allelopathy (29) resulted in the isolation and characterization of two new jatrophane diterpenes (esulone A (IX) and esulone B (X)) from the ether extract of the roots. Biological assay of esulone A showed it to be moderately phytotoxic (29% root length reduction (lettuce seeds) at 250 ppm), moderately toxic (LD50 78 23 mg/kg) and mildly Inflammatory (10 5 to 10 M, dermal) to mammals with no hyperplasia. 

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