Taste aversion

Parker LA, Gillies T THC-induced place and taste aversions in Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Neurosci 109 71-78, 1995 Pope HG, Yurgelun-Todd D The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students. JAMA 275 521-327, 1996 Robson P Therapeutic aspects of cannabis and cannabinoids. BrJ Psychiatry 178 107-115, 2001... 

Hood HM, Buck KJ. Allelic variation in the GABA-A receptor yl subunit is associated with genetic susceptibility to ethanol-induced motor incoordination and hypothermia, conditioned taste aversion, and withdrawal in BxD/Ty recombinant inbred mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000 24 1327-1334. 

Bachmanov, A. A. et al. High-resolution genetic mapping of the sucrose octaacetate taste aversion (Soa) locus on mouse Chromosome 6. Mamm. Genome. 12 695-699, 2001. 

Dey, M.S., R.I. Krieger, and R.C. Ritter. 1987. Paraquat-induced, dose-dependent conditioned taste aversions and weight loss mediated by the area postrema. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 87 212-221. 

Landauer MR, Lynch MR, Balster RE, et al. 1982. Trichloromethane-induced taste aversions in mice. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 4 305-309. 

Other Systemic Effects. Adrenal fibrosis with lipid accumulation was reported in one study in mice, but these effects have not been observed in humans known to be exposed to heptachlor and have not been verified in other species. There has been no measurement of adrenal hormone in exposed humans or animals. Body weight changes have, in general, been accompanied by a decrease in food consumption, due possibly to taste aversion. 

Nicotine is an addictive substance with rewarding and reinforcing properties. On the other hand, the autonomic responses following an acute nicotine treatment and the bitter taste of nicotine may cause aversion. This aversion may impact conditioned effects to nicotme. Rinker et al. (2008) studied possible sex differences in taste aversion mduced by nicotine in rats systemic nicotine or saline injections were paired wim oral saccharine. Although nicotme did produce a weak taste aversion, no sex differences were observed, excluding the possible contribution of the aversive properties of nicotine on sexually dimorphic responses to nicotine. The authors conclude that sex differences may arise from differences in the rewardmg properties of the drug. 

Fig. 5 Dose-response curves for discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in wild-type (filled circle) and knockout (open circle) mice trained with nicotine (0.8mg kg ), (a) shows results for 32 null mutant and control mice from Shoaib et al, (2002) whereas (b) shows corresponding results for a nuU mutants and their wild-type controls from Stolerman et al, 2004, Discriminative responding on the drug-appropriate lever is expressed as a percentage of the total numbers of responses on both levers. All data shown as means s,e,m, from 5-min extinction tests (n = 8-12). Figure 4a was published in Shoaib et al. (2002) The role of nicotinic receptor beta-2 subunits in nicotine discrimination and conditioned taste aversion. Copyright Elsevier Fig, 4b was published in Stolerman et al, (2004), The role of nicotinic receptor alpha subunits in nicotine discrimination. Copyright Elsevier...

Shoaib M, Stolerman IP (1995) Conditioned taste aversions in rats after intracerebral administration of nicotine. Behav Pharmacol 6 375-385... 

Stewart J (1983) Conditioned and unconditioned drug effects in relapse to opiate and stimulant drug-administration. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7 591-597 Stolerman IP (1988) Characterization of central nicotinic receptors by studies on the nicotine cue and conditioned taste aversion in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30 235-242 Stolerman IP (1989) Discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in rats trained under different schedules of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 97 131-138 Stolerman IP (1999) Inter-species consistency in the behavioural pharmacology of nicotine dependence. Behav Pharmacol 10 559-580... 

Invertebrate allomones that deter vertebrate predators 10.7.1 Taste aversion to invertebrate prey... 

Conditioned taste aversions occur after food produced an illness. Both the chemical senses and gastrointestinal feedback are involved. 

Flavor consists of taste and odor combined. Animals often avoid tastes after only one experience if delayed illness follows it, but odors are not avoided under such circumstances. If an odor and a taste are presented together before an illness is induced experimentally (e.g. with lithium chloride), animals can learn to avoid the odor after just one such experience. When the odor is intensified in such a combined presentation, only the odor aversion increases, not the taste aversion. If the taste is made more intense, both odor and taste aversions increase. As a rule, the odor aversion strength depends on the taste experience, but not vice versa (Garcia etal, 1986). 

Conover, M. R. (1990). Reducing mammalian predation on eggs by using a conditioned taste aversion to deceive predators. JournalofwildlifeManagement 54,360-365. 

Mason, J. R., Rabin, M. D., and Stevens, D. A. (1982). Conditioned taste aversions skin secretions used for defense by tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Copeia. 667-671. 

Nicolaus, L. K. and Nellis, D. W. (1987). The first evaluation of the use of conditioned taste aversion to control predation by mongooses upon eggs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17, 329-346. 

Sheaffer, S. E. and Drobney, R. D. (1986). Effectiveness oflithium chloride induced taste aversions in reducing waterfowl nest predation. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 20, 59-64. 

Sorensen, A. E. (1983). Taste aversion and frugivore preference. Oeologia 56,117-120. 

A variety of brain structures seem to be essential for aversive memories. In the following, I will briefly introduce the hippocampus and amygdala involvement, without disregarding the importance, for instance, of the cerebellum for eye-blink conditioning (Thompson et al. 1997, 2000 Medina et al. 2002) and the insular cortex for conditioned taste aversion (e.g. Berman and Dudai 2001). 

Weinberger NM (1998) Physiological memory in primary auditory cortex characteristics and mechanisms. Neurobiol Learn Mem 70 226-251 Welzl H, D Adamo P, Lipp HP (2001) Conditioned taste aversion as a learning and memory paradigm. Behav Brain Res 125 205-213... 

Conditioned taste aversion. Erozen leaf and stem, administered intragastrically to rats at a dose of 562 mg/kg, was inactive. The test substance was temporarily paired with the introduction of sodium saccharin... 

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