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Pest birds

Feeding repellents for pest birds are the most important application of chemical stimuli to manipulate bird behavior. Methyl anthranilate (Fig. 13.1) and dimethyl anthranilate, esters of benzoic acid, are found in concord grapes and are used as artificial flavorings. Starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, have an aversion to methyl anthranilate, which irritates the trigeminal nerve, and they feed less on food flavored with a variety of anthranilates. They avoid the more volatile anthranilates most. The odor is partly responsible for the effect contact is not necessary. In one particular experiment, only volatile compounds were aversive (Mason and Clark, 1987). If only anthranilate-treated food is offered, the birds will accept more of the flavored food than they do if they offered a choice between... [Pg.394]

As reviewed by Ujvary some of the earliest natural product-based pesticides were those for the elimination of vertebrate pests. For example, strychnine (Fig. 19), obtained from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, is a rodenticide that is an antagonist to the neurotransmitter glycine and is used against a few mammal species, as well as pest birds and fish. The first generation of anticoagulant rodenticides were based on dicoumarin. [Pg.235]

Few pesticides are available for non-rodent vertebrate pest control, and most require special local permits for use. The chemicals which are registered are usually bait applications. A few chemicals designed for aquatic pests or massive populations of pest birds are used as broadcast applications. [Pg.113]

Little work has been done in an attempt to increase bait acceptance by pest birds. Bullard (90) has provided some evidence that bait formulation could be a critical factor in bird-baiting programs. Surface-coated grain baits (com, wheat, or oats) containing a bird repellent (methiocarb) were shown to vary greatly in chemical concentration (c.v. = 21-48%). Uniformly mixed and tableted baits had much less chemical concentration variability (c.v. = 4.6-8.0%). These data would indicate that a more uniform repellent dosage can be achieved with tableted material. [Pg.30]

Wool, as a keratin, is a highly cross-linked, insoluble proteinaceous fiber, and few animals have developed the specialized digestive systems that aUow them to derive nutrition from the potential protein resource. In nature, these few keratin-digesting animals, principally the larvae of clothes moths and carpet beetles, perform a useful function in scavenging the keratinous parts of dead animals and animal debris (fur, skin, beak, claw, feathers) that ate inaccessible to other animals. It is only when these keratin-digesting animals attack processed wool goods that they are classified as pests. Very often they enter domestic or industrial huildings from natural habitats such as birds nests. [Pg.349]

Despite the use of 2.5 million tons of pesticide worldwide, approximately 35% of potential crop production is lost to pests. An additional 20% is lost to pests that attack the food post-harvest. Thus, nearly one-half of all potential world food supply is lost to pests despite human efforts to prevent this loss. Pesticides, in addition to saving about 10% of world food supply, cause serious environmental and public health problems. These problems include human pesticide poisonings fish and bird kills destruction of beneficial natural enemies pesticide resistance contamination of food and water with pesticide residues and inadvertent destruction of some crops. [Pg.309]

Bruggers, R.L. and Elliott, C.C.H. (1989). Quelea Quelea Africa s Bird Pest Oxford, U.K. Oxford University Press. [Pg.341]

Some of DDT s effects seemed counterproductive, too. It actually encouraged some citrus-fruit pests by destroying their predators. It killed all the insects in an area, even beneficial ones, so birds and other small creatures that depended on insects for food also died. [Pg.162]

Ludke, J.L. 1977. DDE increases the toxicity of parathion to coturnix quail. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 7 28-33. Lundholm, C.E. 1988. The effects of DDE, PCB and chlordane on the binding of progesterone to its cytoplasmic receptor in the eggshell gland mucosa of birds and the endometrium of mammalian uterus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 89C 361-368. [Pg.881]

Synthetic pyrethroids now account for at least 30% of the world insecticide market and are rapidly replacing other agricultural chemicals for control of insect pests. Fenvalerate is one of the more widely used synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. It is derived from a combination of a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and a-isopropyl phenylacetate ester. Technical fenvalerate is a mixture of four optical isomers, each occurring in equal amounts but with different efficacies against insect pests. Fenvalerate does not usually persist in the environment for >10 weeks, and it does not accumulate readily in the biosphere. Time for 50% loss (Tb 1/2) in fenvalerate-exposed amphibians, birds, and mammals was 6 to 14 h for reptiles, terrestrial insects, aquatic snails, and fish it was >14 h to <2 days and for various species of crop plants, it was 2 to 28 days. Fenvalerate degradation in water is due primarily to photoactivity, and in soils to microbial activity. Half-time persistence in nonbiological materials is variable, but may range up to 6 days in freshwater, 34 days in seawater, 6 weeks in estuarine sediments, and 9 weeks in soils. [Pg.1092]

Mites are arachnids in the order Acari and should not be classified or referred to as insects. Mites are typically very small (about 0.5 mm) and have oval bodies with little or no differentiation of their two body regions. Over 50 species of mites have been found associated with stored products some feed directly on stored products, but others are predators, feed on fungi, or are parasites of other stored-product pests such as birds or rodents (Boczek, 1991). Mites can be important pests of stored food worldwide, but their economic importance varies considerably with location, commodity, and management practices. Some mite species can cause allergic reactions in... [Pg.249]

Certain birds, mammals, and crustaceans must be classified as rice pests. In California the tadpole shrimp (Apus oryzaphagus) (29) may damage rice. The shrimp not only attack the young rice plants but keep the water in a muddy condition, which results in poor rice growth. Promising control results were obtained in the laboratory with copper sulfate and DDT, and in the field with copper sulfate. [Pg.70]

Although chemicals are now used extensively in the control of rice pests, the demand for chemicals in this field is expected to be much greater in the future. Many chemicals now available have not been tested in countries where severe losses occur. In the developmental field, more satisfactory herbicides are needed for the control of broad-leaf weeds and grasses, better fungicides are needed to supplement breeding work for the control of foliar rice diseases more effective seed-treatment chemicals are needed for rice sown in water and satisfactory chemical repellants are needed to prevent losses from bird pests on maturing rice. [Pg.71]


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