Pest, vertebrate

Chemosterilant Sterilizes insects or pest vertebrates (birds, rodents)... 

Repellent Repels insects, mites and ticks, or pest vertebrates (dogs, rabbits, deer, birds)... 

Although no consistently effective chemical repellent has been developed for vertebrate pests, some promising materials have been tested as repellents that are based on predator avoidance, specifically compounds from the secretions of predators. In 1995, synthetic sulfur compounds (two thietanes, a thiolane, and a substituted methyl sulfide, which were originally identified from the anal glands of the stoat, ferret, and red fox) suppressed browsing by the introduced AustraUan bmsh-tail opossum in New Zealand about as well as FEP (83). Suggestions were made that these compounds can be made more effective by the use of bitter compounds in a cocktail. 

J. E. Besser, Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Monterey, Calif., 1976, p. 11. 

D. L. Campbell and R. W. BrJlard, Proceedings of the 5th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Fresno, Calif., 1972. 

Strychnine is a complex lipophilic alkaloid from the plant Strychnos mx-vomica, which acts as a neurotoxin. It has been used to control vertebrate pests, including moles. The acute oral LDjq to the rat is 2 mg/kg. 

The cyclodiene insecticides aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, endosulfan, and others were introduced in the early 1950s. They were used to control a variety of pests, parasites, and, in developing countries, certain vectors of disease such as the tsetse fly. However, some of them (e.g., dieldrin) combined high toxicity to vertebrates with marked persistence and were soon found to have serious side effects in the field, notably in Western European countries where they were extensively used. During the 1960s, severe restrictions were placed on cyclodienes so that few uses remained by the 1980s. 

Connolly, G. and G.D. Simmons. 1984. Performance of sodium cyanide ejectors. Pages 114-121 in D.O. Clark (ed.). Proc. Eleventh Vertebrate Pest Conf. Univ. California Press, Davis. 

The use of 1080 in the United States is now restricted to livestock collars on sheep and goats for protection against predation by coyotes. Other countries, most notably Australia and New Zealand, use 1080 extensively in a variety of baits to control many species of vertebrate pests. 

Bums, R.J., G.E. Connolly, and I. Okuno. 1986. Secondary toxicity of coyotes killed by 1080 single-dose baits. Pages 324-329 in T.P. Salmon (ed.). Proceedings Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference. Univ. California, Davis, CA. 

Connolly, G. and R.J. Burns. 1990. Efficacy of compound 1080 livestock protection collars for killing coyotes that attack sheep. Pages 269-276 in L.R. Davis and R.E. Marsh (eds.). Proc. 14th Vertebrate Pest Conf, Univ. California, Davis, CA. 

Mcllroy, J.C. 1992. The effect on Australian animals of 1080-poisoning campaigns. Pages 356-359 in J.E. Borrecco and R.E. Marsh (eds.). Proceedings Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference. Univ. California,... 

Choquenot, D., Mcllroy, J. and Korn, T. (1996) Managing Vertebrate Pests Feral Pigs. Bureau of Resource Sciences/ Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 

Until twenty-five or thirty years ago, few laboratories around the world were seriously interested in these insect-eating nematodes and their bacteria, but agricultural and industrial scientists are now studying them enthusiastically. Mounting pressures to limit the use of synthetic chemical pesticides have had their effect, and the nematode-bacteria complex may offer a natural environmentally safe biopesticide. Both creatures are harmless to vertebrates, but the bacterial toxins are fatal to a wide spectrum of agricultural pests. An added advantage is that the nematodes actively seek out their hosts, something other pesticides cannot do. 

The aquatic species chosen was Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, the purple sea urchin. This animal is a common resident of the California coast, a frequent pest in commercial kelp culture, and a specialty food item of growing interest. Phylogenetically, these echinoderms are considered to be in the invertebrate class most directly linked to the vertebrates. 

Likewise, WoodwelPs prediction" of enhancement of the activity of insect pests and some disease agents (which has been demonstrated in the San Bernardino Mountains forest) could lead to an increase in vertebrate species that feed on invertebrates or utilize dead plants for cover. Birds would be the most likely to increase and, to a lesser extent, such small mammals as deer mice, which are partially insectivorous. 

Campbell, D. L. and Bullard, R. W. (1972). A preference-testing system for evaluating repellents for black-tailed deer. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 5, 56-63. 

Eagre, D. B., Howard, W. E., Barnum, D. A., etal. (1983). Criteria for the development of coyote lures. In Proceeding of the 4th Symposium of the ASTM STP 812 on Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials, ed. D. E. Kaukeinen, pp. 265-277. Philadelphia, PA American Society for Testing and Materials. 

Mason, R. T. and Greene, M. J. (2001). Invading pest species and the threat to biodiversity pheromonal control of Guam brown tree snakes, Boiga irregularis. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 9, eds. A. Marchlewska-Koj, J. J. Lepri, and D. Miiller-Schwarze, pp. 361-368. New York Kluwer Academic/Plenum. 

Spaulding, S. R. Jackson, W. B. Vertebrate Pest and Management Materials (in press)... 

As reviewed by Ujvary some of the earliest natural product-based pesticides were those for the elimination of vertebrate pests. For example, strychnine (Fig. 19), obtained from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, is a rodenticide that is an antagonist to the neurotransmitter glycine and is used against a few mammal species, as well as pest birds and fish. The first generation of anticoagulant rodenticides were based on dicoumarin. 

Bullard, R. W. Shumake, S. A. "Vertebrate Pest Control and Managanent Materials (ASTM STP 680)" Beck, J. R., Ed. American Society For Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication No. 680, 1979 pp. 178-187. 

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