Forest stands

Warfvinge, P., Falkengren-Grerup, U., Sverdrup, H., ersen, B. (1993). Modelling long-term cation supply in acidified forest stands. Environmental Pollution, 80, 209-221. 

Wert, S. L. A system for using remote sensing techniques to detect and evaluate air pollution effects on forest stands, pp. 1169-1178. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Remote nsing of the Environment. Vol. 2. Ann Arbor University of Michigan, 1%9. 

Abundance ofcones and seeds and predation by cone insects 6a Abundance of cones and small-mammal predation of cones 6b Giaracteristics of forest stands and small-mammal populations... 

Oxidant injury to eastern white pine in some forest stands in the eastern United States is a significant problem. There is an important concern about injury caused by a ergistic reaction between ozone and sulfur dioxide at low concentrations. 

Swanston, C. W., Torn, M. S., Hanson, P. J., Southon, J. R., Garten, C. T., Hanlon, E. M., and Ganio, L. (2005). Initial characterization of processes of soil carbon stabilization using forest stand-level radiocarbon enrichment. Geoderma 128(1-2), 52-62. 

Bjorkman, L., and Bradshaw, R. H. W. (1996).The immigration of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst into a natural forest stand in southern Sweden during the last 2000 years. J. Biogeograph. 23, 235-244. 

Penetration of this UV radiation to ground level depends upon the type of forest stand and canopy ( 6). A clumped stand and erectophile canopy admit the greatest proportion (about 35% of the UV incident at the top), as expected. However, in either normal or planophile canopies in any type of stand, penetration always is less than 15% and often is on the order of only 2%. Almost all photodegradation will be expected to occur at or above the top contour of the sprayed foliage. 

In the past, reforestation relied on the establishment of monospecific plantations, often with exotics (e.g.. Eucalyptus, Pinus, Acacia spp.) or a limited number of native tree taxa for which seeds are readily available and silvicultural practices have been developed (Knowles and Parrotta 1995). Also at Porto Trombetas, about 160 native forest species in mixed plantings were evaluated for their suitability for forest restoration on bauxite mine land over a 14-year period. Observations over 600 ha of plantings have yielded information on ecological characteristics of the species and cost-effective propagation methods. The plantations of exotics and natives are expected to catalyze natural forest succession in the understory and thus accelerate the rate at which species-rich native forest stands develop on severely degraded lands. 

Fie is mostly smaller than F2e because dust, certain gases, and dissolved elements of fog droplets are filtered out from the atmosphere by the forest canopy. The difference in element flow (F2e — Fie) can therefore be regarded as a first but rough quantitative assessment of the atmospheric input to the canopy (Ftc) (Knabe, 1977). The difference F2T — Far gives the total water consumption of the forest stand, the difference F2e — Fae the amount of element accumulation in the soil or element loss, if negative, within a given period. 

Fog is usually regarded as a positive factor for a forest stand because trees are filtering out additional moisture. Some forest societies in the subtropic or tropic mountains depend very much on this kind of precipitation as on the island of Tenerife or on Mount Kenya. Strongly acidified... 

Today the die-back of silver fir is regarded as a real menace to the further existence of this species which reacts more sensitive to dilute concentrations of air pollution than any other tree of forest importance. Its disappearance causes great silvicultural problems because firs help to stabilize mbced forest stands in the mountains against wind fall by rooting much deeper than Norway spruce. 

MacLean D. A. and Wein R. W. (1978) Weight loss and nutrient changes in decomposing litter and forest floor material in New Brunswick forest stands. Can. J. Botany 56, 2730-2749. 

Indicative of this tendency in scientific forestry is the substantial literature on optimum control theory, which is imported from management science. For an application and bibliography, see D. M. Donnelly and D. R. Betters, Optimum Control for Scheduling Final Harvest in Even-Aged Forest Stands, Forest Ecology and Management 46 (1991) 135-49. 

Bonito, G. M., Coleman, D. C., Haines, B. L., Cabrera, M. L. 2003. Can nitrogen budgets explain differences in soil nitrogen mineralization rates of forest stands along an elevational gradient Forest Ecol. Managm. 173 563-574. 

Jaeger [313] recorded wind speed measurements over a ten year period over stands of Scotch pine located in southern Germany as they grew from 3 to 8 m height. He made estimates of the variation in m, z0, d, /3 (Deacon parameter), and Richardson number, Ri, from wind and temperature data collected from meteorological towers placed within the forest stand. He found that the following correlations described the measurements ... 

Charcoal Production for Forest Stand Improvement and Domestic Space Heating in Maine" Cooperative Forestry Research Unit, University of Maine, Orono, Research Bulletin 1, March 1979 52 pp. 

The charcoal required for firing and reduction processes took enormous quantities of wood and rapidly depleted forest stands near smelters in Europe and North America [4, 5]. This led to many attempts to fire blast furnaces with coal with uniformly poor results. The sulfur content of the coal produced a high-sulfur iron which made it brittle when hot, an undesirable property. Gradually it was learned that prior coking of the coal could be used to obtain an equivalent quality of iron as could be obtained using wood charcoal. Only subsequently it was learned that sulfur in the coal produced the brittle iron. As the size of blast furnaces became larger, the steam engine became available to provide power for the air blast. 

FIGURE 3.7 Averaged TKE profiles at a distance of 80 m (4H) downstream from the leading edge of the porous zone for finite forest stands having a 20% ground coverage area fraction (Rendon 2005). 

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