Other Mammals

Among nonhuman mammals, marine pinnipeds contained the highest reported concentrations of mercury in tissues. Total mercury content in all tissues examined of marine mammals - including muscle, brain, blubber, kidney, and liver - generally increased with increasing age of the animal. This was 

Mercury in pinniped muscle, unlike fiver, was mostly methylmercury in both mothers and pups pups acquired most of their mercury during gestation. The percentage of methylmercury in any tissue from any marine mammal appears to be inversely correlated with total mercury content. For example, fiver of harbor seals from Maine contained a maximum of 7.8 mg total Hg/kg FW vs. 50.9 from those collected from New Brunswick, Canada methylmercury accounted for 13-37% of total mercury in Maine (U.S.) seal fivers but only 2-11% in Canadian seals. Among healthy California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, concentrations of total mercury in tissues in mg/kg FW and percent methylmercury were as follows fiver 74.0 and 3.7% kidney 7.0 and 17.2% muscle 1.2 and 88.6% and heart 0.59 and 88.1%. 

The mechanisms to account for mercury accumulation in pinnipeds are similar to those reported for the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Tissue concentrations of mercury in striped dolphins increased with increasing age of the animal, reaching a plateau in 20-25 years were highest in liver, although muscle accounted for about 90% of the total body mercury burden were present in the methylated form in fetal and suckling stages, but the proportion of methylmercury decreased 

Increasing mercury concentrations in tissues of marine mammals were also associated with poor health due to leptospirosis, with proximity to urbanized areas, and with starvation. Accumulations were usually highest in adult females, than adult males placental transfer of mercury to developing pups is low. Methylmercury concentrations in seal 

---

The same principle has been appHed to other mammals, particularly ewes and goats, as well as dairy cows (Table 22 Table 22. Use of Milk-Producing Animals for Biotechnology... 

Ivermectin is widely used as an endectocide for catde as an injectable, oral, topical, or slow release bolus for sheep as an injectable or oral formulation for swine as an injectable for horses as a paste or drench and for goats as an injectable or oral formulation. Ivermectin has recently been introduced for heartworm prophylaxis in dogs and it is being studied for use with cats, many other mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. 

A UF of 10 is used when extrapolating from animals to humans. This factor is intended to account for the intcrspccies variability between humans and other mammals. 

Because humans and most other mammals lack the enzymes needed for... 

In general, diagnostic tests that look for a particular protein of interest use biologically derived antibodies, usually from mice. However, proteins, DNA, RNA, and other biologicals may be derived from a variety of organisms like bacteria, yeast, plants, and other mammals for use as diagnostics. 

The organophosphorons insecticides dimethoate and diazinon are mnch more toxic to insects (e.g., housefly) than they are to the rat or other mammals. A major factor responsible for this is rapid detoxication of the active oxon forms of these insecticides by A-esterases of mammals. Insects in general appear to have no A-esterase activity or, at best, low A-esterase activity (some earlier stndies confnsed A-esterase activity with B-esterase activity) (Walker 1994b). Diazinon also shows marked selectivity between birds and mammals, which has been explained on the gronnds of rapid detoxication by A-esterase in mammals, an activity that is absent from the blood of most species of birds (see Section 23.23). The related OP insecticides pirimiphos methyl and pirimiphos ethyl show similar selectivity between birds and mammals. Pyrethroid insecticides are highly selective between insects and mammals, and this has been attributed to faster metabolic detoxication by mammals and greater sensitivity of target (Na+ channel) in insects. 

VLDL is the precursor of IDL, which is then converted to LDL. Only one molecule of apo B-lOO is present in each of these lipoprotein particles, and this is conserved during the transformations. Thus, each LDL particle is derived from only one VLDL particle (Figure 25-4). Two possible fates await IDL. It can be taken up by the liver directly via the LDL (apo B-lOO, E) receptor, or it is converted to LDL. In humans, a relatively large proportion forms LDL, accounting for the increased concentrations of LDL in humans compared with many other mammals. 

Serum Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in humans (and other mammals) with a concentration of about 600 p,M in healthy humans. Around 80-90% of the extracellular gold in the circulation is bound to albumin and about... 

MacCotter R.E. (1912). The connection of the vomeronasal nerves with the accessory olfactory bulb in the Opossum and other mammals. Anat Rec 6, 299-318. 

Patterson thought he could identify the culprit If the high concentrations of lead observed in a few surface waters of the Pacific were representative of the sea surface of the entire northern hemisphere, the bulk of this lead could be readily be accounted for as originating from leaded gasolines. The hypothesis was unproven, but Patterson immediately understood its social implications. Automobile exhaust emitted lead as soluble lead-halide particles, which humans and other mammals easily absorb. When Patterson reported his ocean sediment research in an encyclopedic, 45-page article in 1962, he handed a copy to a colleague saying, Read it. It s important. ... 

Vande Woude I thought the mouse was different from other mammals. Many of the others use the sperm aster to bring the pronuclei together. 

We found PGD2 to be the most abundant prostanoid in the brains of rats (Narumiya et al, 1982 Hiroshima et al, 1986) and other mammals, including... 

The capacity of the human body to excrete iron is severely limited as compared with most other mammals (Finch et al.f 1978). Iron loss in human beings (per kg body weight) is only one-tenth that of other mammals (Dubach et ah, 1955 Green et ah, 1968 Finch et ah, 1978) and human dietary intake only one-fiftieth to one-hundredth that of other mammals. It follows, as was originally suggested by McCance and... 

Smith (1996) summarized data on the spontaneous methemoglobin reductase activity of mammalian erythrocytes. Using nitrated RBCs with glucose as a substrate, the data reflect the ratio of the activity of the species to the activity in human RBCs. Activity in rat cells and human cells ranged from 1.3 to 5.0. Activity in cells of the cat and dog was similar to that in human cells, and that of the rabbit was 3.3 to 7.5 times greater. Most studies show that the spontaneous methemoglobin reductase activity of human erythrocytes is within an order of magnitude of that of other mammals (Smith 1996). 

Copper deficiency in humans and other mammals is characterized by slow growth, hair loss, anemia, weight loss, emaciation, edema, altered ratios of dietary copper to molybdenum and other metals, impaired immune response, decreased cytochrome oxidase activity, central nervous system histopathology, decreased phospholipid synthesis, fetal absorption, and eventually death (NAS 1977 Gallagher 1979 Kirchgessner et al. 1979 USEPA 1980 ATSDR 1990 Percival 1995). 

---