Secondary paraffin sulfonates

Description. Three major types of alkyl sulfonate must be considered the primary and secondary paraffin sulfonates (PS and SAS) and the a-olefin sulfonates (AOS). The secondary alkyl sulfonates (SAS) are exploited on a larger scale than primary paraffin sulfonates (PS). 

Information is given for the sulfoxidation-derived paraffin sulfonate Marlon PS and the secondary alkanesulfonate Hostapur SAS. 

Detergents, which now rival soap in demand, are based largely on petroleum the variety of structures which confer detergent properties have led to some interesting syntheses. Alkyl aryl sulfonates are made by alkylation of benzene either with chlorinated kerosene or with a highly-branched olefin made from propylene. Long chain olefins for secondary sulfates were made from paraffin wax. Secondary alkyl sulfonates were made by direct sulfonation of paraffins with sulfur dioxide and chlorine, a reaction discovered in America in the 193O s. 

Paraffin Sulfonates, Secondary n-Alkanesulfonates (SAS) Produced in Europe by sulfoxidation of Ci4-C17 /(-paraffins with S02 and 02. The /(-paraffin hydrocarbons are separated from kerosene by molecular sieves. 

Sodium C14-17 sec alkane sulfonate. See Sodium C14-17 alkyl sec sulfonate Sodium C14-18 alkane sulfonate Synonyms Paraffin (C14-C18) sulfonate, sodium salt SAS Secondary alkane sulfonate Sodium alkane (C14-C18) sulfonate Formula CH3(CH2)mCH(CH2)nCH3(S03 )Na, m + n = 11-15... 

Alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, secondary alkanesulfonate, soap, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, alcohol-sulfate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate Ethoxylated phenol, ethoxylated alcohol, amine oxide, alkanolamide, alkyl polyglucoside, alkyl polyalkylene glycol ether Phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, silicate, citrate, gluconate, polyacrylate, EDTA-salt, phosphonate Alcohol, alcohol glycol ether, pine oil, rt-limonene Sodium/potassium hydroxide, alkanol-amine, ammonia, magnesium hydroxide Sodium xylenesulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate... 

Anionic surfactant Alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, olefin sulfonate, secondary alkane sulfonate, alkyl sulfonate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate 0-3... 

Ethoxylated alcohol, alkylphenol ethoxylated, alkyl polyglucoside, alkyl polyethylene glycol ether Alkyl benzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, alkylsulfate, secondary alkanesulfonate, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate... 

Whilst the alkylbenzenesulfonates are equally used for powder and liquid detergents and cleaners, the field of use of the secondary alkanesulfonates (also called paraffin sulfonates) is rather in the liquid cleaners sector, because of their high solubility. This type of surfactant, produced by the conventional sulfochlorination process, became of some importance as early as the Second World War. 

Paraffin sulfonates, or secondary n-alkylsulfonates, are mostly a European product prepared by the sulfoxidation of paraffin hydrocarbons with sulfur dioxide and oxygen under ultraviolet irradiation. They are used in applications similar to those of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LABS) discussed below. It has been suggested that the paraffin sulfonates have higher water solubility, lower viscosity, and better skin compatibility than do the LABS of comparable chain length, although any such direct comparison must be qualihed because of the distinctly different chemical and isomeric contents of the two classes of materials. 

Secondary alkanesulfonates are manufactured by the action of sulfur dioxide and air directly on C14-C18 //-paraffins (a sulfoxidation reaction), and the sulfonate group can appear in most positions on the chain. 

Derivation Benzene is alkylated with dodecene, to which it attaches itself in any secondary position the resulting dodecylbenzene is sulfonated with sulfuric acid and neutralized with caustic soda. For ABS (branched-chain alkyl) the dodecene is usually a propylene tetramer, made by catalytic polymerization of propylene. For LAS (straight-chain alkyl), the dodecene may be removed from kerosene or crudes by molecular sieve, may be formed by Ziegler polymerization of ethylene, or by cracking wax paraffins to a-olefins. 

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates are produced from the reaction of benzene and secondary monochloroparaffins the latter are obtained by chlorination of n-paraffins. A requirement of this process was the availability of pure n-paraffins, which was made possible by the introduction of molecular sieves. The n-paraffins can be separated with molecular sieves from kerosene or gas oil, since they have a smaller diameter (ca. 4.9 A) than the branched paraffins. 

The major products are secondary alkanesulfonyl chlorides with a statistical distribution of sulfonic groups on the internal carbon atoms of the linear chain. In contrast, the presence of the SO2CI group at the end of the chain is unlikely because of the much lower stability of primary radicals RCHJ. Besides, di- and polysulfochlorides, as well as chloroalkanes are also formed as by-products and a large amount of HCl is generated. Selectivity reaches 85-90% with excess SO2 and low paraffin conversion [32,37]. The quantum yield of a photochemical reaction at a wavelength X is given by ... 

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