Sulfuric acid sulfonation with

Reaction with cold nitric acid results primarily ia the formation of 5-nitrosahcyhc acid [96-97-9]. However, reaction with fuming nitric acid results ia decarboxylation as well as the formation of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol [88-89-1] (picric acid). Sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid at 160°C yields 5-sulfosahcyhc acid [56507-30-3]. At higher temperatures (180°C) and with an excess of chlorosulfonic acid, 3,5-disulfosahcyhc acid forms. Sulfonation with hquid sulfur trioxide ia tetrachloroethylene leads to a nearly quantitative yield of 5-sulfosahcylc acid (1). 

Zinc chloride is a Lewis acid catalyst that promotes cellulose esterification. However, because of the large quantities required, this type of catalyst would be uneconomical for commercial use. Other compounds such as titanium alkoxides, eg, tetrabutoxytitanium (80), sulfate salts containing cadmium, aluminum, and ammonium ions (81), sulfamic acid, and ammonium sulfate (82) have been reported as catalysts for cellulose acetate production. In general, they require reaction temperatures above 50°C for complete esterification. Relatively small amounts (<0.5%) of sulfuric acid combined with phosphoric acid (83), sulfonic acids, eg, methanesulfonic, or alkyl phosphites (84) have been reported as good acetylation catalysts, especially at reaction temperatures above 90°C. 

Sulfonation. Fuming sulfuric acid reacts with coumarin to give coumarin-6-sulfonic acid [27279-86-3] at moderate temperature and coumarin-3,6-disulfonic acid [69089-38-9] at higher temperature. 

Among the acid catalysts, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acids, and hydrochloric acid are most used. With polyhydric alcohols, sulfuric acid is preferred to hydrochloric acid because of the tendency of hydrochloric acid to form chlorohydrins. 

Surfactants are prepared which contain carboxylic acid ester or amide chains and terminal acid groups selected from phosphoric acid, carboxymethyl, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, and phosphonic acid. These surfactants can be obtained by reaction of phosphoric acid or phosphorus pentoxide with polyhydroxystearic acid or polycaprolactone at 180-190°C under an inert gas. They are useful as polymerization catalysts and as dispersing agents for fuel, diesel, and paraffin oils [69]. 

Dilution, separation, and neutralization can take place in the same reactor or several batch units may be used for the consecutive steps (see also Sec. XX.X). Sulfuric acid sulfonation in a continuous loop reactor system is feasible when an H2S04/AB ratio of at least 1.80 is applied. In this case, as well as when 20% oleum is used, reasonably short reaction times are sufficient to complete the reaction. With increasing H2S04/AB ratio, the amount of dark 80% sulfuric acid (spent acid) will increase proportionally. 

The crude pigment may also be treated with an aromatic sulfonic acid (such as toluene sulfonic acid, xylene sulfonic acids, m-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid) in sulfuric acid or with nitric acid at 80°C to yield a somewhat redder yellow transparent modification of flavanthrone [22],... 

Carbazole-3-sulfonic acid appears to be the major product of the reaction of carbazole with warm sulfuric acid, together with di- and tri-sulfonic acids, but as a consequence of the reversibility of the reaction conflicting assignments have been reported (51MI30500, 11CB234). 

Sulfonation of an aromatic substrate to produce ArSOaH is usually brought about by reaction of the aromatic with concentrated sulfuric acid or with sulfur... 

We are interested in the application of polymers as adsorbents, ion exchangers, fuel cells, and permeable materials. In this regard, the first resins with some of these properties were obtained by D Aleleio in 1944 based on the copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene. Unfunctionalized polystyrene resins cross-linked with divinylbenzene (Amberlite) are widely applied as adsorbents [191,192], In addition, the polystyrene-divinylbenzene resins functionalized with sulfuric acid (sulfonation) to create negatively charged sulfonic sites are applied as cation exchangers, and treated by chloromethylation followed by animation produce anionic resins [193,194],... 

Sulfonation is effected (1) with ordinary concentrated sulfuric acid (66°B6) (2) with 100 per cent sulfuric acid (3) with fuming sulfuric acid (oleum), with the concentration of SO3 varying from 5 to 70 per cent (4) widi chlorosulfom c acid, with or without diluent or (5) by baking (dry heating) the acid sulfate of an amine, often in vacuum. 

Frequently, the 1,5- and 1,8-disulfonic acids are not isolated separately, but are taken out of the reaction mixture together. For this purpase, the sulfonation mixture is first diluted with concentrated sulfuric acid, then with sufBcient water to make the solution 60 per cent with respect to sulfuric acid. 

Strelow and his coworkers have published extensive data relating to the selectivity of a sulfonated polystyrene cation exchanger for various cations in acidic solution [7]. The equilibria of cations in hydrochloric, nitric or sulfuric acid solutions with a cation exchanger involves complexation in some cases as well as competition between H+ and the metal cation for the exchange sites. For example, mercury(II) and cadmi-um(II) form chloride complexes even in dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid. Selectivity data in perchloric acid probably give the best indication of true ion-exchange selectivity, because the perchlorate anion has almost no complexing properties with metal cations. 

F. W. E. Strelow, R. Rethemeyer and C. J. C. Bothma, Ion exchange selectivity scales for cations in nitric acid and sulfuric acid media with a sulfonated polystyrene resin. Anal. Chem., 37, 106, 1965. 

The sulfonation of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin (13) in concentrated sulfuric acid, and with sulphur trioxide in nitromethane or dichloromethane, has been studied <89RTC395, 92RTC183>. Nitration of (13) employing an excess of concentrated nitric acid at 20-30 °C furnished the respective... 

Sulfuric acid/sulfonated phenolics is a mouth-and-throat product. Sulfuric acid is a tissue denaturant and sterilizing agent. Sulfonated phenolics are antiseptic agents with... 

ETHER, VINYL ETHYL (109-92-2) C4HgO Highly flammable, polymerizable liquid. Forms explosive mixture with air [explosion limits in air (vol %) 1.7 to 28 flash point <-50°F/<-46°C autoignition tenqj 395°F/202°C Fire Rating 4]. Forms unstable peroxides on contact with air. Reacts violently with oxidizers, ammonium persulfate, bromine dioxide, methane sulfonic acid (may cause polymerization), nitric acid, perchlorates, permanganates, peroxides and hydroperoxides, sulfuric acid. Incompatible with acids, ammonia, aliphatic amines, alkanolamines. On small fires, use dry chemical powder (such as Purple-K-Powder), alcohol-resistant foam, or COj extinguishers. 

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