Sulfate secondary

City and season Diesel Gasoline Road dust Coal Biomass Secondary sulfates Secondary nitrates Secondary ammonium Total... 

TNB 4,4,4-Trinitrobutyraldehyde, Methanol, Sodium borohydride, Hydrochloric acid, Methylene chloride, Sodium bicarbonate, Magnesium sulfate Secondary high explosive... 

Sulfates —0—SO2—0— Primary alkyl salts Secondary alkyl salts 1415-1380 (s) 1200-1185 (s) 1315-1220 (s) 1140-1075 (m) 1270-1210 (vs) 1075-1050 (s) Electronegative substituents increase frequencies. Strongly influenced by metal ion Doublet both bands strongly influenced by metal ion... 

The use of sofid supports in conjunction with permanganate reactions leads to modification of the reactivity and selectivity of the oxidant. The use of an inert support, such as bentonite (see Clays), copper sulfate pentahydrate, molecular sieves (qv) (151), or sifica, results in an oxidant that does not react with alkenes, but can be used, for example, to convert alcohols to ketones (152). A sofid supported permanganate reagent, composed of copper sulfate pentahydrate and potassium permanganate (153), has been shown to readily convert secondary alcohols into ketones under mild conditions, and in contrast to traditional permanganate reactivity, the reagent does not react with double bonds (154). 

Uses. Nickel nitrate is an intermediate in the manufacture of nickel catalysts, especially those that are sensitive to sulfur and therefore preclude the use of the less expensive nickel sulfate. Nickel nitrate also is an intermediate in loading active mass in nickel—alkaline batteries of the sintered plate type (see Batteries, SECONDARY cells). Typically, hot nickel nitrate symp is impregnated in the porous sintered nickel positive plates. Subsequendy, the plates are soaked in potassium hydroxide solution, whereupon nickel hydroxide [12054-48-7] precipitates within the pores of the plate. 

Alkali moderation of supported precious metal catalysts reduces secondary amine formation and generation of ammonia (18). Ammonia in the reaction medium inhibits Rh, but not Ru precious metal catalyst. More secondary amine results from use of more polar protic solvents, CH OH > C2H5OH > Lithium hydroxide is the most effective alkah promoter (19), reducing secondary amine formation and hydrogenolysis. The general order of catalyst procUvity toward secondary amine formation is Pt > Pd Ru > Rh (20). Rhodium s catalyst support contribution to secondary amine formation decreases ia the order carbon > alumina > barium carbonate > barium sulfate > calcium carbonate. 

According to this mechanism, the reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of hydronium ion and is independent of the associated anion, ie, rate = / [CH3Hg][H3 0 ]. However, the acid anion may play a marked role in hydration rate, eg, phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate anions exhibit hydration rates two or three times that of sulfate or phosphate (78). Association of the polyacid anion with the propyl carbonium ion is suggested. Protonation of propylene occurs more readily than that of ethylene as a result of the formation of a more stable secondary carbonium ion. Thus higher conversions are achieved in propylene hydration. 

Anionic surfactants are the most commonly used class of surfactant. Anionic surfactants include sulfates such as sodium alkylsulfate and the homologous ethoxylated versions and sulfonates, eg, sodium alkylglycerol ether sulfonate and sodium cocoyl isethionate. Nonionic surfactants are commonly used at low levels ( 1 2%) to reduce soap scum formation of the product, especially in hard water. These nonionic surfactants are usually ethoxylated fatty materials, such as H0CH2CH20(CH2CH20) R. These are commonly based on triglycerides or fatty alcohols. Amphoteric surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine and cocoamphoacetate, are more recent surfactants in the bar soap area and are typically used at low levels (<2%) as secondary surfactants. These materials can have a dramatic impact on both the lathering and mildness of products (26). 

Sulfation by sulfamic acid has been used ia the preparation of detergents from dodecyl, oleyl, and other higher alcohols. It is also used ia sulfating phenols and phenol—ethylene oxide condensation products. Secondary alcohols react ia the presence of an amide catalyst, eg, acetamide or urea (24). Pyridine has also been used. Tertiary alcohols do not react. Reactions with phenols yield phenyl ammonium sulfates. These reactions iaclude those of naphthols, cresol, anisole, anethole, pyrocatechol, and hydroquinone. Ammonium aryl sulfates are formed as iatermediates and sulfonates are formed by subsequent rearrangement (25,26). 

Sulfation andSulfamation. Sulfamic acid can be regarded as an ammonia—SO. complex and has been used thus commercially, always in anhydrous systems. Sulfation of mono-, ie, primary and secondary, alcohols polyhydric alcohols unsaturated alcohols phenols and phenolethylene oxide condensation products has been performed with sulfamic acid (see Sulfonation and sulfation). The best-known appHcation of sulfamic acid for sulfamation is the preparation of sodium cyclohexylsulfamate [139-05-9] which is a synthetic sweetener (see Sweeteners). 

For extraction of uranium from sulfate leach Hquors, alkyl phosphoric acids, alkyl phosphates, and secondary and tertiary alkyl amines are used in an inert diluent such as kerosene. The formation of a third phase is suppressed by addition of modifiers such as long-chain alcohols or neutral phosphate esters. Such compounds also increase the solubihty of the amine salt in the diluent and improve phase separation. 

Color can be removed effectively and economically with either alum or ferric sulfate at pH values of 5—6 and 3—4, respectively. The reaction is stoichiometric and is a specific reaction of the coagulant with the color to form an insoluble compound (17). The dosage required may be as high as 100—150 mg/L (380—570 mg/gal). Raw-water colors may be as high as 450—500 units on the APHA color scale. The secondary MCL (maximum contaminant level) for color in the finished water is 15 units, although most municipal treatment plants produce water that seldom exceeds 5 units. 

Ziac sulfate was made by 15 companies ia 1980 from secondary materials (93%) and from roasted ore, ie, ziac oxide (7%). The ziaciferous material reacts with sulfuric acid to form a solution, which is purified. After filtration, the solution is heated to evaporation and heptahydrate crystals are separated. It is sometimes sold ia this form but usually as the monohydrate [7446-19-7] which is made by dehydration at ca 100°C. Very pure ziac sulfate solution is made ia the manufacture of the pigment Hthopone [1345-05-7] ZnS-BaSO, and of ziac by electrowinning (see ZiNC AND ZINC ALLOYS). 

Where X is Br or Q, the free acids may be obtained by acidification of the alkaline solution, but where X is I, the acids must be isolated as salts to avoid reduction of the arsonic acids by HI. Rather than using alkyl haUdes, alkyl or dialkyl sulfates or alkyl arenesulfonates can be used. Primary alkyl haUdes react rapidly and smoothly, secondary haUdes react only slowly, whereas tertiary haUdes do not give arsonic acids. AHyl haUdes undergo the Meyer reaction, but vinyl hahdes do not. Substituted alkyl haUdes can be used eg, ethylene chlorohydrin gives 2-hydroxyethylarsonic acid [65423-87-2], C2H2ASO4. Arsinic acids, R2AsO(OH), are also readily prepared by substituting an alkaU metal arsonite, RAs(OM)2, for sodium arsenite ... 

The acetylation reaction is stopped by the addition of water to destroy the excess anhydride, causing rapid hydrolysis of the combined sulfate acid ester (Eig. 7). This is followed by a much slower rate of hydrolysis of the acetyl ester groups. The rate of hydrolysis is controlled by temperature, catalyst concentration, and, to a lesser extent, by the amount of water. Higher temperatures and catalyst concentrations increase the rate of hydrolysis. Higher water content slightly iacreases the hydrolysis rate and helps minimize degradation (85). The amount of water also influences the ratio of primary to secondary... 

The secondary trivalent compounds manufactured ia quantity are chrome acetate, chrome nitrate, basic chrome chloride, basic chrome sulfate, and chrome oxide. 

AcCl, NaOH, dioxane, Bu4N HSO, 25°, 30 min, 90% yield. Phase-transfer catalysis with tetra-n-butylammionium hydrogen sulfate effects acylation of sterically hindered phenols and selective acylation of a phenol in the presence of an aliphatic secondary alcohol. 

An understanding of the transformation of SO2 and NO. into other constituents no longer measurable as SOj and is needed to explain mass balance changes from one plume cross section to another. This loss of the primary pollutant SOj has been described as being exponential, and rates up to 1% per hour have been measured (30). The secondary pollutants generated by transformation are primarily sulfates and nitrates. 

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