Preventive safety measures

Research on the safety prevention measures of mine water disaster in Shaqu coal mine of Liulin region... 

THE SAFETY PREVENTION MEASURES OE MINE WATER DISASTER IN THE STUDY AREA... 

With a better understanding of the nature and severity of the water hammer problem, we can avoid its destructive forces. This greater understanding should also help with the introduction of more preventive measures into system designs and installations, which will help provide maximum safety for personnel, lower maintenance cost and reduce system downtime. 

Preventive and protective measures. Technical safety measures must always be developed no matter how inherently safe we think the process is. The scope of preventive and protection measures is large for the whole plant. Below, some preventive measures to be taken to prevent thermal runaways when a dangerous situation is recognized are listed ... 

Most petroleum and chemical facilities rely on inherent safety and control features of the process, inherent design arrangements of the facility, and process safety ESD features as the prime loss prevention measures. These features are immediately utilized at the time of an incident. Passive and active explosion and fire protection measures are applicable after the initiating event has occurred and an adverse affect to the operation has been realized. These features are used until their capability has been exhausted or the incident has been controlled. 

More stringent vessel safety and accident and spill prevention measures are regulated by the Coast Guard as promulgated under the Port and Tanker Safety Act of 1978 (33 USC, Sections 1201-1231), Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention of 1973, and the MARPOL Convention of 1978. Financial responsibility to meet potential Lability under the CWA must also be met. 

A hierarchical perspective can be applied. Preventive measures that increase inherent safety are generally considered the most effective approach. See examples for assessing the effectiveness of individual recommendations in Figure 10-3. 

Safety Handbook", Part III. Hazardous Compounds, Mixtures, and Reactions, Expl Res Sect, Expls Propints Lab, Pica tinny Arsenal, Dover, NJ (Dec 1959), pp 33-46 (List of compds, mists, and reactions which are, or may be, dangerous) 5) "Explosive Accident/lncident Abstracts" (A compilation listing description, causes preventive measures of 219 expl incidents reported to the Armed Services Explosives Safety Board by companies, governmental agencies other groups from Sept 1961 thru June 1967. The Abstracts are available as ASTIA Document 660020 from die National Technical Information Service, US Dept of Commerce, PO Box 1553, Ravensworth, Va 22151)... 

Preventive measures either take automatic remedial action or allow for manual intervention to prevent the conditions for uncontrolled reaction being achieved. They include the use of sensors, trips, alarms, control systems, and other safety features. These measures require a.thorough understanding of the safe operating envelope within which the process must be maintained.. . ... 

A common approach for reactors has been the provision of preventive measures, including control systems and safety trips, backed up by an emergency relief system. The addition of a relief,system is seen as having a number of advantages ... 

Preventive measures provide conditions where the incident is unlikely to happen, but its occurrence cannot be totally avoided. In this category, we find measures such as inventory reduction for critical substances, the choice of a continuous rather than a batch process leading to smaller reactor volumes, and a semi-batch rather than a full batch process providing additional means of reaction control. Process automation, safety maintenance plans, etc. are also preventative measures. The aim of these measures is to avoid triggering the incident and thus reducing its consequences. In the frame of mnaway risks, a mnaway remains theoretically possible, but due to process control, its severity is limited and the probability of occurrence reduced, such that it can be controlled before it leads to a critical situation. 

Safety and its practice are of the utmost importance for corrosion personnel, both in the corrosion laboratory and plant operations. The subject appears mundane at first glance although in realistic terms it is of paramount importance when factors such as loss of life due to accidents by nonadherence of personnel to prescribed safety procedures in laboratories and industrial operations are considered. The safety procedures used in the laboratory and field operation are intended to be preventive measures to avoid the occurrence of accidents, which may result in injury or loss of life, depending upon the nature of the accident. 

Which existing prevention measures are not working as well as planned -problem recognition, the proof that a new system is vulnerable or that an old one is still vulnerable despite current attempts to make it safe and hence that vigilance in the management of safety should not be relaxed. We call this use "alertness" because it serves to activate people in the organisation to be and remain alert. 

An engineering evaluation should then be made of the worst case consequences with the goal that the plant will be safe even if the worst case occurs. When the process designers know what the worst case conditions are, they should try to avoid worst case conditions, be sure adequate redundancy of safety systems exists, and identify and implement lines of defense. These lines of defense could be preventive measures, corrective measures or sometimes as a last resort, containment or possibly abandonment of the process if the hazard is unacceptable. It is important to note that the worst case should be something that is realistic, not something that is conceivable but extremely unlikely. 

There are some key reasons for regulating the flow of chemicals to the market independently of other legislation. One reason is the need for preventive measures early in the supply chain, covering protection of the environment, workers, consumers and property. Preventive measures, such as risk and safety information (labelling and SDS), as well as bans and restrictions on trade with very hazardous chemicals support, simplify and make more cost-efficient risk management for exposure and emission control at later stages (transport, use, waste handling, etc.). 

The safety and loss prevention guide developed by the Dow Chemical Company provides a method for evaluating the potential hazards of a process and assessing the safety and loss-prevention measures needed. In this procedure, a numerical Fire and Explosion Index is calculated, based on the nature of the process and the properties of the materials. The index can be used two different ways. In the preliminary design, the Dow index will indicate whether alternative,... 

With regards to chemical risk management, safety refers to the application of knowledge on protective and preventive measures to limit, reduce and avoid chemical risks. 

This chapter outlines the most recent advances in the awareness of the problems raised by ochratoxin A, volatile phenols and tetrahydropyridines. We will focus on the factors leading to their occurrence, the relevance to wine quality and safety and the respective preventive measures suitable under vineyard and winery practices. 

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