Whole plants

Plant groups Model crop used Whole plant yield, dry t/(hm -vr) Cost, /t... 

In addition to the isolation of steroid raw materials from whole plants, plant tissue cultures have been iavestigated as an alternative source of these steroids. Despite many advances (128), there are no iadustrial appHcatioas of plant cell cultures for the production of steroids (129,130). 

Optimization of a process is an activity whereby the best conditions are found for attainment of a maximum or minimum of some desired objective. In the broadest sense, an industrial process has maximum profit as its goal, but there are also problems with less-ambitious goals that do not involve money or the whole plant. 

Startup time may be defined as the time span between the end of construction and the beginning of normal operation. Hence it should start when the contractor finishes the whole plant or a specified section of it to enable comparisons to be made with other startup times. It is usual to define normal operation as (1) operations at a certain percentage of design capacity, (2) a specified number of days of continuous operation, or (3) the capabihiy of making products of a specified purity. 

Performing an electrostatic hazard review of the whole plant and all the processes whenever powders and flammable solvents are used... 

Atropa acuminata Royle ex Lindl. (A. lutescens Jacquemont.) Indian belladonna. Whole plant, grown from Indian seed in the United States, 0-32 to 0-38 large stems, 0-14, According to Corfield, Kassner and Collins,the leaves and roots, as imported from India, contain on the average 0-45 and 0-47 of non-volatile alkaloid, respectively. Much volatile alkaloid (MarkwelUi). Recognised in the British Pharmacopoeia 1932, Addendum V. 

Atropa Belladonna Linn. Leaves, 0-4 roots, 0-5 seeds, 0-8 whole plant, 0-2 to 1-0 h5mscyamine with some hyoscine atropine has been found but may have resulted from racemisation during extraction apoatropine and possibly belladonnine (Kreitmair Atropa bcetica. Leaves, 0-82-1-06 roots, 0-94 fruit, 1-09 hyoscyamine and atropine. 

Datura meteloides. Whole plant, 0-4. Hyoscine, atropine, meteloidine norhyoscyamine. ... 

Hyoscyamus reticulatus. Seeds, 0-08 whole plant, 0-12 to 0-24. A little hyoscyamine. ... 

In the experiments in Australia, described by Barnard and Finnemore, the average yield of morphine from capsules of two varieties of poppy, ranged from 0- 29 to 0- 39 and from 0- 26 to 0- 30 and from the whole plant from 0-09 to 0-16 and from 0-12 to 0-18 per cent. 

Combining this equation with Eq. (6.3a) yields the final energy equation for the whole plant as... 

Thus, the (arbitrary) overall efficiency of the whole plant is... 

Bbadnri baa examined the oil of Oeimum pilasutn. The whole plant when fresh is fragrant, but quietly loses its odour when dried, e seeds form a gelatinons mass when steeped in water this mucilage is employed medicinally in India. The green seeds contain more esaontial oil than the leaves, hat ibe whole plant was distilled. The oil obtained was pale yellow in colour and very mobile. Its characters were as follows —... 

The proportion of essential oil sensibly diminishes in the stems, in the leaves, and especially in the inflorescences, and in the whole plant. The most active formation of essential oil is, therefore, in the early part of the plant s life up to the commencement of flowering. 

It should be established whether the area allocated to effluent treatment is sufficient, whether the technology is up to date and determine what influence the findings will have upon the effluent treatment area and the whole plant layout. 

Some industries, notably the fine chemicals and parts of the food processing industry, cannot tolerate the pick-up of even small quantities of metal ions in their products. To avoid corrosion, plants often have to incorporate lined pipework and reaction vessels, while in a slightly less demanding situation whole plants are made of an appropriate grade of stainless steel. The capital investment in these industries is thus considerably increased due to the necessity to avoid corrosion. 

The two highest concentrations of tannic acid (0.051 and 0.034%) resulted in a linear increase of virus titer up to 21 days after inoculation, even though the reduction of starch lesion formation was 91 and 64%, respectively. Thus, the virus must have replicated beyond the limitation of starch lesions. Further experiments indicated that a systemic spread of the virus into the primary leaves in cucumber plants could be obtained by daily brushing the noninoculated primary leaves (only the cotyledons were inoculated) with tannic acid following a vacuum infiltration of whole plants with 0.051% tannic acid 24 hours after virus inoculation. Primary leaves were shielded by tinfoil during the inoculation of the cotyledons to prevent accidental infection. Aerosol O.T. (0.1%) was incorporated in tannic... 

The techniques of molecular biology have particular potential for rapidly introducing small numbers of single genes. Unfortunately there is strong evidence that the complex compensation mechanisms that exist in plants, and the interactions between different whole-plant and biochemical responses to stress, will make the direct improvement of environmental stress tolerance in crop plants by genetic engineering rather more difficult... 

Whole-plant responses to stress in natural and agricultural systems... 

Fig. 5. Water-use efficiency (carbon basis) v. average carbon isotope discrimination in the whole plant, r= -0.88. Open symbols represent well-watered plants and closed symbols represent plants that were droughted. Tifton 8 A, Florunner A, VB187 and +, Chico are cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). (From Flubick etal., 1986).

Farquhar, G.D. (1988). Models relating subcellular effects of temperature to whole plant responses. In Plants and Temperature, ed. S.P. Long and F.I. Woodward. Society for Experimental Biology Symposium 42 (in press). 

Fig. 4. Whole-plant fresh weight and leaf osmotic adjustment of Thino-pyrum bessarabicum as a function of time following the gradual addition of 250 mol m NaCl to the culture solution. Fresh weight = control, O = 250 mol m NaCl. Leaf sap osmotic pressure = 250molm NaCl.

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