Preferred Approach

Subsequent chapters identify the kinds of ethical issues raised in the cases, the kinds of factors that helped engender them, and noteworthy ideas and lessons extractable from the case studies. I then survey some resources and options that might be useful to those who care about practicing engineering in an ethically responsible way. 

I begin with the first kind of background materials the sociological. 

The Ethically Responsible Engineer Concepts and Cases for Students and Professionals, First Edition. Robert McGinn. 2015 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Published 2015 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

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The preferred approach to standardizing a method is to prepare a series of standards, each containing the analyte at a different concentration. Standards are chosen such that they bracket the expected range for the... 

Table 3 provides typical specifications for isoprene that are suitable for Al—Ti polymerization (89). Traditional purification techniques including superfractionation and extractive distillation are used to provide an isoprene that is practically free of catalyst poisons. Acetylenes and 1,3-cyclopentadiene are the most difficult to remove, and distillation can be supplemented with chemical removal or partial hydrogenation. Generally speaking distillation is the preferred approach. Purity is not the main consideration because high quaUty polymer can be produced from monomer with relatively high levels of olefins and / -pentane. On the other hand, there must be less than 1 ppm of 1,3-cyclopentadiene. 

Statistical control of an analysis or instmment is best demonstrated by SQC of a standard sample analysis. The preferred approach to demonstrate statistical control is to use a reference sample of the subject material that has been carefully analyzed or, alternatively, to use a purchased reference standard. Either material must be stored so that it remains unchanged, eg, sealed in ampuls or septum capped bottles. Periodically a sample can then be reanalyzed by the technique used for routine analysis. These results are plotted in a control chart. Any change in the stabihty of the test in question results in a lack of... 

Miniaturized catheter-type ISE sensors, such as the implantable probe shown in Figure 5-20 represent the preferred approach for routine clinical in-vivo monitoring of blood electrolytes. For these intravascular measurements the reference electrode is placed outside die artery (in die external arm of die catheter), tints obviating biocompatability and drift problems associated with its direct contact with the blood. 

Process recycle includes in-process and post-processing recycle. In general, in-process recycle is the preferred approach if at aU possible, but is clearly more common in the petrochemical and commodity chemicals context. For batch chemical operations commonly found in the fine chemical, pharmaceutical and agrochemicals businesses, in-process recycle is generally very difficult to do. The premise in those industries, however, is to reduce the scale of batch operations, make them continuous, and number up to achieve the required volumes. If this can be done successfully, it is more likely to be able to incorporate in-process recycle. 

The stereoselectivity then depends on the conformation of the enone and the location of substituents that establish a steric bias for one of the two potential directions of approach. In the ketone 11, the preferred approach is from the (3-face, since this permits maintaining a chair conformation as the reaction proceeds.132... 

Fig. 10.11. General schematic model for favored approach of alkenes to 1-arenesulfonylprolinate catalysts (right) and B3LYP/6-31G /LANL2DZ computational model of preferred approach of propene to l-carbomethoxyprop-2-enylidene complex with Rh2(l-benzenesulfonylprolinate)2(isobutyrate)2 (left). Reproduced from J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 125, 15902 (2003), by permission of the American Chemical Society.

There may be circumstances in which an electroanalytical method, as a consequence of the additional chemicals required, has disadvantages in comparison with instrumental techniques of analysis however, the above-mentioned advantages often make electroanalysis the preferred approach for chemical control in industrial and environmental studies. Hence, in order to achieve a full understanding of what electroanalysis can do in these fields first, it will be treated more systematically in Part A second, some attention will be paid in Part B to electroanalysis in non-aqueous media in view of its growing importance and finally, the subject will be rounded off in Part C by some insight into and some examples of applications to automated chemical control. 

Addition of Lithiated Sulfoxides and Sulfones Nucleophilic addition of lithiated methylaryl sulfoxides (384) to nitrones of various structures proceeds easily and in good yields (622). The reactions are applied to the synthesis of optically active a-substituted and a,a-disubstituted hydroxylamines, to secondary amines (623), and to enantioselective syntheses of alkaloids (624). The preferred approach to (+ )-euphococcinine is based on the use of homochiral 3-sullinyl nitrones (385) (Scheme 2.167). 

A simplified approach is statistical rate theory (transition state theory) with the help of which the overall rate constant k(T) may be obtained from potential energy surface (PES) in a single jump averaging out all of the intermediate details. It is generally not possible to extract microscopic details such as energy-dependent cross sections from conventional kinetics experiments. The preferable approach is to calculate microscopic quantities from some model and then perform the downward averaging for comparison with measured quantities. 

Concerted bond-forming/bond-breaking processes at tetrahedral carbon (the familiar SN2 reaction) are not easily studied by the crystal structure correlation method. The preferred approach of a nucleophile is sterically more encumbered than the approach to a singly or doubly bonded centre, and the transition states involved are generally of high energy. Intramolecular displacements, such as those described on pages 117-118, are a possible way round this problem, but no systematic study is available. 

There have been two basic approaches. First one involves isolation of the chromatin and nucleosome from the healthy and diseased cell line. The second approach is the reconstitution of the model target such as nucleosome followed by the association with the drug(s). The second approach has been extensively employed to identify the binding site in the protein-nucleic acid complex. A pre-knowledge about the components and their arrangements in the reconstituted system sometime makes it the preferred approach. Different biophysical, biochemical and genetic techniques have been employed to understand the mode of association and the effect of the drugs upon chromatin/nucleosome structure and function. 

All acidic proton conductors discussed so far in this review have relied on the presence of large amounts of water (A = 10—30) as a mobile phase for the conduction of protons. Current targets for automotive use of hydrogen/air fuel cells are 120 °C and 50% or lower relative humidity. Under these conditions, the conductivity of the membrane decreases due to low water uptake at 50% relative humidity and thus creates large resistive losses in the cell. To meet the needs of advanced fuel cell systems, membranes will have to function without large amounts of absorbed water. Organic—inorganic composites are one preferred approach. ... 

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