Influenza, avian

Amantadine is an antiviral agent that is active against influenza A infection and against some strains of H5NX avian flu. Draw a three-dimensional representation of amantadine showing the chair cyclohexane rings. 

As a result of the emergence of the extremely aggressive avian H5N1 influenza virus, the likelihood of a human influenza pandemic and the possible socioeconomic impact is now of major concern. In the absence of strain-independent anti-influenza drugs, there has been significant effort worldwide over the years in the quest for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents against all types of influenza. 

An interesting feature of the influenza virus sialidase active site that offers the potential for developing inhibitors specific for N1 sialidases, including avian influenza A/H5N1 virus sialidase, has recently been revealed by X-ray crystallography. The... 

Amaro RE, Minh DDL, Cheng LS, Lindstrom WM Jr, Olson AJ, Lin J-H, Li WW, McCammon JA (2007) Remarkable loop flexibihty in avian influenza N1 and its implications for antiviral drug design. J Am Chem Soc 129 7764-7765... 

Carter MJ (2007) A rationale for using steroids in the treatment of severe cases of H5N1 avian influenza. J Med Microbiol 56 875-883... 

Chong AK, Pegg MS, Taylor NR, von Itzstein M (1992) Evidence for a sialosyl cation transition-state complex in the reaction of sialidase from influenza virus. Eur J Biochem 207 335-343 Cinatl J Jr, Michaelis M, Doerr HW (2007a) The threat of avian influenza A (H5N1). III. Antiviral therapy. Med Microbiol Immunol 196 203-212... 

Hurt AC, lanneUo P, Jachno K, Komadina N, Hampson AW, Barr IG, McKimm-Breschkin JL (2006) Neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant and -sensitive influenza B viruses isolated from an untreated human patient, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 1872-1874 Hurt AC, Selleck P, Komadina N, Shaw R, Brown L, Barr IG (2007) Susceptibility of highly pathogenic A(H5N1) avian influenza viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes. Antiviral Res 73 228-231... 

Avian influenza A virus No significant protection Isomura et al. 1982 Phillpotts et al. 1984... 

Two neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir) are approved for prevention and treatment of infections with both influenza A and B viruses as discussed in chapter by Itzstein and Thomson, this volume. Oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) has gained most use because it can be taken orally, whereas the current formulation of zanamivir has to be inhaled. In addition, the WHO reconunends oseltamivir for treatment of clinically confirmed cases of H5N1 and for post-exposme prophylaxis to control recent H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks. 

The risk of contracting avian influenza from free-range poultry is currently much lower than the risks for the diseases mentioned above, but widely... 

This form of avian influenza, due to the H5 and H7 subtypes, occurs infrequently in humans. In most cases the clinical picture is limited to conjunctivitis. However, may take a much more lethal form. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Infectious bronchitis, laryngotracheitis, fowl cholera, avian influenza, fowl pox, psittacosis, mycoplasmosis, avian encephalomyelitis, coryza, salmonellosis, Marek s disease and Pacheco s disease in parrots, vitamin E deficiency, and deprivation of water, air, or feed. 

Technical Disease Card for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza." April 22, 2002. 

Xu, J. Suarez, D. Gottfried, D. S., Detection of avian influenza virus using an interferometric biosensor, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 389, 1193 1199... 

The neuramidase inhibitor oseltamivir phosphate was discovered by Gilead Sciences and developed by Roche Pharmaceuticals under the name of Tamiflu (Scheme 5.13) to be used as an orally active antiviral compound for prevention and treatment of influenza infections. Because of the recent emergence of the avian flu, the demand for Tamiflu has gained momentum. Two industrially feasible syntheses are known, starting from (—)-shikimic acid and (—)-quinic acid, respectively (Scheme 5.13) [45]. 

Examples of killed or inactivated vaccines are cholera vaccine containing dead strains of Vibrio cholerae, hepatitis A vaccine with inactivated hepatitis A virus, pertussis vaccine with killed strains of Bordetella pertussis, typhoid vaccine with killed Salmonella typhi, and influenza vaccine with various strains of inactivated influenza viruses (see Exhibit 4.2 for a discussion of influenza viruses and vaccines and Exhibit 4.3 on avian influenza H5N1). 

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