Respiratory conditions

The narcotic antitussives are used cautiously in patients with head injury and increased intracranial pressure, acute abdominal disorders, convulsive disorders, hepatic or renal impairment, prostatic hypertrophy, and asthma or other respiratory conditions. 

People who should not work with organophosphate insecticides are those with organic central nervous system disease, mental disorders, epilepsy, pronounced endocrine disorders, respiratory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, circulatory disorders, gastroenteric diseases, liver or kidney disease, and chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis (Medved and Kagan 1983). 

Past medical history, especially history of respiratory conditions... 

Better control of air pollutants is expected to result in fewer cases of chronic bronchitis, reduced hospitalizations for severe respiratory conditions and cardiovascular problems in adults and children, and fewer cancer cases.30 Populations residing near HWCs may benefit the most from implementation of these standards. 

The data provided clear evidence that anaerobic respiratory conditions must be taken into consideration when performing degradation feasibility studies and determining herbicide application practices in the future. 

Fareleira P, LeGall I, Xavier AV, Santos H. 1997. Pathways for utilization of carbon reserves in Desulfovibrio gigas under fermentative and respiratory conditions. I Bacteriol 179 3972-80. 

Deane. M., J. R. Goldsmith, and D. Tuma. Respiratory conditions in outside woikers. Report on outside plant telephone workers in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Arch. Environ. Health 10 323-331, 1%5. 

Epidural/Intrathecal administration Limit epidural or intrathecal administration of preservative-free morphine and sufentanil to the lumbar area. Intrathecal use has been associated with a higher incidence of respiratory depression than epidural use. Asthma and other respiratory conditions The use of bisulfites is contraindicated in asthmatic patients. Bisulfites and morphine may potentiate each other, preventing use by causing severe adverse reactions. Use with extreme caution in patients having an acute asthmatic attack, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, and preexisting respiratory depression, hypoxia, or hypercapnia. Even usual therapeutic doses of narcotics may decrease respiratory drive while simultaneously increasing airway resistance to the point of apnea. Reserve use for those whose conditions require endotracheal intubation and respiratory support or control of ventilation. In these patients, consider alternative nonopioid analgesics, and employ only under careful medical supervision at the lowest effective dose. 

Respiratory conditions Use caution and low dosage in patients with respiratory depression, severely limited respiratory reserve, severe bronchial asthma, obstructive respiratory conditions, and cyanosis. 

St. John s wort has been used to treat a wide range of ailments for more than 2000 years, and is said to have been prescribed by Hippocrates himself. Apart from depression, St. John s wort is being promoted or used as a treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, stress, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sleep problems, nocturnal enuresis, bacterial and viral infections such as HIV-AIDS, respiratory conditions, peptic ulceration, inflammatory arthritis, cancer, and skin wounds (Rey and Walter, 1998 Walter et ah, 2000). It is also said to increase libido, an application dating from the Middle Ages (Fletcher, 1996). No empirical evidence is currently available to support any of these uses. 

Targeting a drug to its site of action is useful to enhance its effectiveness and reduce toxicity. If accessible this can be achieved by direct local application, e.g. eye drops to treat ophthalmic conditions, inhalers to treat respiratory conditions, but currently strategies such as the development of targeting agents such as monoclonal antibodies or the use of the more permeable nature of tumour capillaries to allow accumulation of macromolecular carriers have also been employed. 

Breathing-related sleep disorder is a potentially life-threatening abnormal respiratory condition. It includes cessation of both nasal and oral air flow (apnea), which in some patients may last up to 2 min. The most prominent sign is loud snoring. This disorder can also include hypopneas and hypoventilation. There are three forms of breathing-related sleep disorders ... 

Beta-2 Receptors. Beta-2 receptors are found primarily on the smooth muscle of certain vasculatures, the bronchioles, the gallbladder, and the uterus.9 Their presence in bronchiole smooth muscle is especially important in the pharmacologic management of respiratory conditions such as asthma (see Chapter 26). These receptors are also responsible for mediating changes in the metabolism of skeletal muscle and liver cells. Beta-2 receptors are also located on the heart, although the predominant effects on cardiac tissue seem to be mediated through the beta-1 subtype. 

The anticholinergic bronchodilators include ipratropium and tiotropium, which are muscarinic receptor blockers that are similar in structure and function to atropine. Although atropine is the prototypical muscarinic antagonist, its use in respiratory conditions is usually limited because it is readily absorbed into the systemic circulation and tends to produce many side effects even when administered by inhalation. Alternatively, ipratropium (Atrovent) is an anticholinergic agent that is poorly absorbed into the systemic circulation and can be administered by an aerosol inhaler.110 Thus, inhaled ipratropium is associated with substantially fewer systemic side effects. 

During the 1930s, European doctors prescribed amphetamines to treat respiratory conditions such as colds, hay fever, and asthma. The medications were also used to treat narcolepsy, a condition in which a patient experiences uncontrollable attacks of sleep. In addition, amphetamines were used to calm hyperactive children. 

Asthma a respiratory condition associated with constriction of the airways. Atelectasis a condition when the lungs are collapsed with no air in the alveoli. Atheroma a fatty material deposited inside an artery. 

Ash Mineral content of a product that remains after complete combustion Asphyxiant A vapor or gas that can cause unconsciousness or death by suffocation most are associated with a lack of sufficient oxygen to promote life Asthma Respiratory condition caused by narrowing of the airways symptoms include recurrent attacks of wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and labored breathing... 

Combinations with decongestants such as pseudoephedrine have been advocated for upper respiratory conditions, but pseudoephedrine can cause additional adverse effects, such as nervousness and raised blood pressure (118,119). 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory condition characterized by irreversible airway obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. The major symptoms of COPD include chronic cough, increased sputum production, and dyspnea. The vast majority of patients with COPD are those who are current or former heavy smokers. Other risk factors for the development of COPD include occupational exposure (dusts, chemicals) and rare genetic disorders (a -antitrypsin deficiency). The medical management of COPD includes pharmacotherapy (bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics) in combination with interventions to reduce risk factors for disease progression (e.g., smoking cessation). Some patients require long-term administration of supplemental oxygen. 

Medical surveillance may be indicated in persons with predisposing skin, liver, kidney, or respiratory conditions. General life-support should be maintained, symptoms treated and decontamination considered if necessary. Treatment is generally symptomatic and supportive. The patient should be monitored for delayed liver and kidney damage. If central nervous system depression occurs, EKG and vital signs should be monitored carefully. Patients who exhibit dermal hypersensitivity may require systemic or topical antihistamines or corticosteroids. 

General life support should be maintained, symptoms treated, and decontamination undertaken if necessary. Persons at special risk are those with impaired pulmonary functions, particularly obstructive airway diseases. The irritant properties of ethyl benzene may exacerbate these preexisting respiratory conditions. Additionally, predisposed groups include persons with liver, nervous system disorders, blood... 

Chronic respiratory conditions are diagnosed by the examination of this mucus. However, for conditions requiring surgical intervention, the mucus is routinely suctioned out and discarded. Consequently, this mucus has not been available for examination and the subsequent examination of excised tissue may underestimate the fungi present. 

Exposure to tobacco in several forms is associated with an increased risk of cancer in addition, several active ingredients, such as nicotine, have been demonstrated to be addictive. Tobacco smoke is a significant indoor air pollutant. It includes 4000 components, some regulated as human carcinogens. Second-hand smoke is a particular concern for children s health and is not only associated with an increase in lifetime risk of cancer, but an increased risk of developing respiratory conditions such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and asthma. 

Diphenhydramine H-i-receptor and muscarinic receptors Allergic respiratory conditions relief of pruritis in allergic skin disorders prevention of motion sickness (dogs)... 

Plectranthus marrubioides Benth The semi-dried leaves of P. marrubioides yielded about 4% oil containing mainly 64% camphor, and less amounts of a-phellandrene (8.5%) and ocimene (4.2-9.3%). Owing to the high content of camphor, this oil could therefore be useful in making medicinal preparations such as a local anesthetic, remedy for muscular and rheumatic pains and for respiratory conditions (66). 

Plectranthus marrubioides Kenya imports all the camphor used in the local industry. The camphor content in the essential oil of P. marrubioides would be a good source for use in the pharmacentical industry, especially for preparatiorrs such as local anesthetics, remedies for rheirmatic and mnscular pairts and for respiratory conditions. These potential nses justify cultivation of this plant on a commercial scale. The plant is easily propagated from cnttings. It can withstand adverse weather conditions and can also co-exist with other plants as an rmdergrowth in forests (66). 

Secondary bacterial complications may lead to more serious respiratory conditions, such as pneumonia... 

Asthma Programme in Finland 1994—2004. Clin Exp Allergy 1996 26(suppl 1) 1—24. (Ill) Australian Bureau of Statistics 1989/1990 National Health Survey Asthma and other Respiratory Conditions. Australian cat No 4373.0, 1991. (Ill)... 

More often than not, psychosis occurs in individuals taking ephedrinebased products for asthma and other respiratory conditions. Ephedrine s usefulness as a bronchodilator is somewhat limited by the fact that chronic use leads to a predictable, and fairly rapid, down regulation of 3-receptors and decreased bronchial responsiveness (Neve and Molinoff, 1986). As the medication becomes less and less effective, patients tend to increase the dose. If they take enough, psychosis can occur. Of course, ephedrine, and products containing ephedrine enantiomers, can also be taken specifically with the intent of becoming intoxicated. 

EpicCyte was developing secretory antibodies to provide products for unmet needs for sexual health (genital herpes, 45 million US patients), contraception (spermiddal, 42 million US potential users), HfV/AIDS (500000 US potential users), respiratory conditions such as pneumonia (5 million US patients), and gastrointestinal conditions such as intestinal infections [191, 265]. 

Drugs used to treat other respiratory conditions are considered separately. 

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