Insecticides organophosphates

Aaron CK, Howland, MA. 1998. Insecticides Organophosphates and carbamates. In Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA, et al., eds. Goldfiank s toxicologic emergencies. Stamford, CT Appleton Lange, 1429-1449. 

Kimmerle G, Lorke D. 1968. Toxicology of insecticidal organophosphates. Pflanzenschutz-Nacher 21 111-142. 

The types of compounds that are of concern as contaminants are chlorinated insecticides, organophosphates, herbicides, fungicides, fas-ciolicides (phenolic compounds administered to cattle to control liver flukes), antibiotics and sulfonamides, detergents and disinfectants, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Contaminants in milk have been reviewed by Kroger (1974) and Snelson (1979). In several cases, allowable levels for specific contaminants in milk have been set by the World Health Organization. Surveys have seldom revealed levels in excess of such standards. 

See also Carbamate Pesticides Chiorophenoxy Herbicides Federai Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, US Nematocides Occupationai Toxicoiogy Organo-chiorine Insecticides Organophosphates Poiiution, Soii Poiiution, Water Psychoiogicai Indices of Toxicity Pyre-thrins/Pyrethroids Veterinary Toxicoiogy. 

See also Aflatoxin Algae Ammonia Asbestos Benzene Hexachloride, Mixed Isomers Brodifacoum Carbamate Pesticides Carbon Monoxide Castor Bean Copper Coumarins DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) DEET (Diethyltoluamide) Dichlorvos Dieldrin Ethylene Glycol Hydrogen Sulfide Lead Malathion Methane Molybdenum Mushrooms, Coprine Mushrooms, Cyclopeptide Mycotoxins Nitrites Oleander Organochlorine Insecticides Organophosphates Paraquat Parathion Pyrethrins/Pyrethroids Selenium Sodium Strychnine Sulfur Dioxide Thallium Warfarin. 

Neumann, J. and Peter, H.H. 1987. Insecticidal organophosphates nature made them first. Experientia, 43, 1235-1237. 

Organophosphates. Organophosphates have now largely replaced organochlorine insecticides, but the first insecticidal organophosphates... 

Detoxification (or detoxication) is of particular importance with respect to environmental toxicological chemistry. Reaction 3.53 shows the conversion of insecticidal paraoxon, a potent neurotoxin (see insecticidal organophosphates in Chapter 4, Section 4.11), to p-nitrophenol, which is only about 0.005 X as toxic. In some cases, microorganisms actually produce more toxic materials. This occurs... 

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