Treating Symptoms

To focus on the outcome is therefore treating the symptom of the problem and not the cause. If all the focus is placed on the harm outcome of an accident, what about all the near-miss events and the property damage accidents These also have potential to cause harm but do not due to factors that we sometimes cannot explain therefore they should not be ignored. Wonld a mission of minimizing the workplace risk not be more apt  

For years safety pioneers have warned that the outcome of an accident is impossible to accurately predict, as chance or good fortune sometimes prevails. However, we have ignored these warnings and based the main source of safety measurement on this outcome—the injury, which is largely fortuitous. After examining thousands of near-miss incidents, it appeared clear that many of those close calls could have had 

This [Heinrich s] fourth axiom is perhaps the most significant statement in the safety management profession. What Heinrich is saying here is that the degree of injury depends on luck, but that the accident can be prevented. What he further indicates by this axiom is that while the accident can be prevented, the severity is something over which we have little or no control. (McKinnon, 2000, p. 169) 

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The term pasaon flower is used to denote many of the approximately 400 species of the herb. F saon flower has been used in medicine to treat pain, anxiety, and insomnia. Some herbalists use the herb to treat symptoms of parkinsonism. F saon flower is often used in combination with other herbs , such a valerian, chamomile, and hops, for promoting relaxation, rest and sleep. Although no adverse reactions have been reported, large doses may cause CNS depression. The use of passion flower is contraindicated in pregnancy and in patientstaking the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Fission flower contains coumarin, and the risk of bleeding may be increased when used in patientstaking warfarin and pasaon flower. 

Flavoxate Take this drug three to four times daily as prescribed. This drug is used to treat symptoms other drug are given to treat the causa... 

In patients with mild intermittent asthma, long-term control medications are not necessary, and patients should use a short-acting inhaled P2-agonist t° prevent or treat symptoms.2 This classification includes patients with exercise-induced asthma, seasonal asthma, or asthma symptoms associated with infrequent trigger exposure. Patients can pre-treat with two puffs of cromolyn or nedocromil prior to exposure to a known trigger. The treatment of choice for exercise-induced asthma is two inhalations of albuterol 5 minutes prior to exercise.1 Cromolyn and nedocromil are less effective than albuterol for prophylaxis of exercise-induced asthma. 

Six months later, RB s mother brings her back for a check-up. The patient has been using her albuterol inhaler 3 to 4 times a week to treat symptoms, and she is waking up about twice a month with shortness of breath. She has developed a sore mouth. White patches on the back of her tongue and the inside of her cheek are observed on examination. 

Recommend appropriate monitoring parameters and patient education for selected drug regimens for treating symptoms of IBD. 

General outcomes for treating hepatitis are to (1) prevent the spread of the disease (2) prevent and treat symptoms (3) suppress viral replication (4) normalize hepatic aminotransferases (5) improve histology on liver biopsy and (6) decrease morbidity and mortality by preventing cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and ESLD. 

SSRIs are theorized to reduce the frequency of hot flashes by increasing serotonin in the central nervous system and by decreasing LH. Of the SSRIs, citalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline all have been studied and have demonstrated a reduction in hot flashes while treating other symptomatic complaints such as depression and anxiety.33 Venlafaxine, which blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, has demonstrated a reduction in hot flashes primarily in the oncology population.34 Overall, these antidepressant medications offer a reasonable option for women who are unwilling or cannot take hormonal therapies, particularly those who suffer from depression or anxiety. These agents should be prescribed at the lowest effective dose to treat symptoms and may be titrated based on individual response. 

The crystalline nature of corticosteroid suspensions can provoke a postinjection flare in some patients. The ensuing flare mimics the flare of arthritis and inflammation that accompanies infection cold compresses and analgesics are recommended to treat symptoms in affected patients. 

Pharmacotherapy has an important role in managing AR symptoms (Table 59-2). Intranasal corticosteroids, systemic and topical antihistamines and decongestants, mast cell stabilizers, and immunotherapy all are beneficial in treating symptoms of AR.9 Antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids are considered first-line therapy for AR, whereas decongestants, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene modifiers, and systemic corticosteroids are secondary treatment options10-12 (Fig. 59-2). Whenever exposure to allergens can be predicted (e.g., SAR or visiting homes with a pet), medications should be used pro-phylactically to maximize effectiveness.11... 

The goals of therapy are to relieve congestive symptoms, optimize volume status, treat symptoms of low cardiac output, and minimize the risks of drug therapy so the patient can be discharged in a compensated state on oral drag therapy. 

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole, are commonly prescribed to treat symptoms of heartburn, acid reflux, chest pain, dyspepsia, and chronic cough. PPIs inhibit the transfer of protons into the stomach lumen. Pharmacological acid suppression is thus used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and Helicobacter pylori infection as well as to prevent ulcer development with concurrent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. 

Harbilas D, Martineau LC, Harris CS, et al (2009) Evaluation of the antidiabetic potential of selected medicinal plant extracts from the Canadian boreal forest used to treat symptoms of diabetes Part II. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 87 479-492... 

Fenoprofen is chemically and phannacologically similar to the series of compounds described above. It is used in treating symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis however, fenoprofen exhibits a number of undesirable side effects. A synonym for fenoprofen is dista and others. 

Amantadine was originally introduced as an antiviral compound (see Chapter 50), but it is modestly effective in treating symptoms of parkinsonism. It is useful in the early stages of parkinsonism or as an adjunct to levodopa therapy. Its mechanism of action in parkinsonism is not clear, but amantadine may affect dopamine release and reuptake. Additional sites of action may include antagonism at muscarinic and A-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Adverse effects include nausea, dizziness, insomnia, confusion, hallucinations, ankle edema, and livedo reticularis. Amantadine and the anticholinergics may exert additive effects on mental functioning. 

By promoting the formation of T lymphocytes, thymic factors are used to enhance T-lymphocytic functions. Thymic factors have been used with some success in clinical trials in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency, DiGeorge s or Nezelof s syndrome, and viral disorders. Studies with thymodulin show promise in treating symptoms in asthmatics and patients with allergic rhinitis. The primary consideration in the use of thymic factors for immunodeficiency states is the presence of T-lymphocyte precursors. 

If the patient is taking repaglinide with insulin or a sulfonylurea, always have a source of glucose available to treat symptoms of low blood sugar... 

There have been three randomized clinical trials and multiple case reports and open-label trials with the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in PTSD, although only one study of childhood PTSD (Southwick et al., 1994) has been reported. Robert et al. (1999) reported the use of low-dose imipramine (1 mg/kg) to treat symptoms of ASD in children with burn injuries. In this study, 25 children ages 2 to 19 years were randomized to receive either chloral hydrate or imipramine for 7 days. Ten of 12 subjects receiving imipramine experienced from half to full remission of ASD symptoms, whereas 5 of 13 subjects responded to chloral hydrate. Sleep-related flashbacks and insomnia appeared to be particularly responsive to treatment. 

The promising findings of the trials already mentioned, as well as the possible benefits of opiate antagonists in treating symptoms of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder without alcohol dependence or co-morbid alcohol and cocaine dependence, however, warrant studies in these difficult-to-treat populations ( 419, 420, 421 and 422). Furthermore, some data support a synergistic therapeutic effect when naltrexone is combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy ( 423). 

Chai Hu is pungent and neutral and Huang Qin is bitter and cold. They are particularly effective in dispersing and reducing the constrained Qi and heat in the Upper-Jiao and the Gall Bladder meridian. They can treat symptoms such as fever, a bitter taste in the mouth, hypochondriac distension, poor appetite and irritability. 

Assistant Disperse constrained heat treat symptoms associated with heat protect the Stomach and blood... 

Long Gu and Mu Li are mineral substances. They are heavy in nature and in their actions. They are able to descend the Qi and Yang, calm the mind, settle the Heart-shen and treat symptoms such as restlessness, anxiety, palpitations and shortness of breath directly. They are considered as assistants. 

St. John s wort is derived from the flowers of the Hypericum perforatum plant that grows throughout England, Europe, Asia, and parts of the United States. This herbal supplement has been used extensively to treat symptoms of depression and anxiety. Although the details are unclear, St. John s wort probably contains several chemicals that alter the balance of central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters affecting mood and behavior.46,84 As discussed in Chapter 7, depression seems to be associated with a fundamental defect in amine neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. St. John s wort may promote changes in these neurotransmitters in a manner similar to conventional prescription antidepressants.56,84 Many people have therefore used St. John s wort as an alternative medication to help improve mood and resolve the symptoms of depression.46,72... 

The nettle is rich in vitamins A and C and in minerals, particularly iron, potassium, and silica. Modern scientific studies have focused on its diuretic action. It lowers systolic blood pressure by increasing volume, die root treats symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by increasing urine flow and reducing residual urine. Nettle herb is also used for bladder irrigation and to prevent and treat bladder and kidney stones (see Chapter 66). 

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