Long-Term Administration

Purpose Confirm therapeutic efficacy and safety (indications for use, recommended dosage, contraindications, long-term administration and emergence of additional side effects)... 

Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI Long-term administration of benzodiazepines pharmacokinetic versus pharmacodynamic tolerance. Psychopharmacol Bull 22 416 23, 1986... 

Segal DS, Mandell AJ Long-term administration of d-amphetamine progressive augmentation of motor activity and stereotypy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2 249— 255, 1974... 

Chaput, Y, de Montigny, C and Blier, P (1991) Presynaptic and postsynaptic modifications of the serotonin system by long-term administration of antidepressant treatments. An in vivo electrophysiologic study in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 5 219-229. 

FUJITA H, YAMAGAMi T (2001) Fermented soybean-derived Touchi-extract with anti-diabetic effect via alpha-glucosidase inhibitory action in a long-term administration study with KKAy mice. Life Sci. 70 219-27. 

Long-term administration of oxygen (greater than 15 hours per day) to patients with chronic respiratory failure has been shown to reduce mortality and improve quality of life.1,2 Oxygen therapy should be initiated in stable patients with very severe COPD (GOLD stage IV) who are optimized on... 

Virtually all types of drug that have been shown to be effective in major depression exert profound effects on the functioning of the serotoninergic or noradrenergic systems, or both. Although some treatments have been shown to decrease the sensitivity of certain postsynaptic 5-HT and NE receptors, it is generally believed that it is an enhancement of neurotransmission in these systems that is responsible for the improvement of the core symptoms of depression. For instance, long-term administration of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) decreases the density of (3-adrenoceptors and cortical 5-HT2 receptors (Blier and Abbott 2003). 

Akathisia The motor restlessness often noted as a side effect of long-term administration of typical antipsychotic drugs. 

Open-labeled and randomized controlled trial data support some evidence for the efficacy of intermittent long-term administration of rifaximin in patients with symptomatic diverticular disease. A therapeutic gain of approximately 30% compared to fiber supplementation only can be expected with respect to obtaining symptomatic relief after 1 year of treatment (table 1). Considering the safety and tolerability of rifaximin, this drug can be recommended for patients with symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease. 

The onset of the effects was smooth and the duration long. Long-term administration in conscious dogs did not develop tolerance, unlike the IS-5-MN taken as a reference (Fig. 6.4). The lack of tolerance appears to be one of the most important determinants offuroxans as vasodilators [23, 37]. 

Kristofikova Z, Benesova 0, Tejkalova H. (1992). Changes in high-affinity choline uptake in the hippocampus of old rats after long-term administration of two nootropic drugs (tacrine and Ginkgo biloba extract). Dementia. 3 304-7. 

Massoco CO, Silva MR, Gorniak SL, Spinosa MS, Bernard MM. (1995). Behavioral effects of acute and long-term administration of catnip (Nepeta cataria) in mice. Vet Hum Toxicol. 37(6) 530-33. 

Rubner 0, Kummerhoff PW, Haase H. (1997). [An unusual case of psychosis caused by long-term administration of a scopolamine membrane patch. Paranoid hallucinogenic and delusional symptoms]. 

Bisacodyl is a stimulant laxative that does not take long to act and is therefore useful in acute constipation. The bulk-forming laxative ispaghula husk takes longer to act when compared with bisacodyl but is useful for long-term administration. Lactulose, which is an osmotic laxative, has a lag time of about 48 hours before onset of action. Loperamide and kaolin and morphine mixture are antidiarrhoeals used in acute diarrhoea. 

Kajimoto O, Nakano T, Kahara T, Kajimoto Y, Takahashi T. (2002) Safety assessment of jelly containing Wakame peptides in high-dose and long-term administration trials. J Nutr Food 5 83-97. 

Peng WH, Hsieh MT, Wu CR, Effect of long-term administration of berberine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in tzx, ]ap JPhannaconA 2G -2(sG, 1997. 

Obach R et al Lack of hepatotoxicity after long-term administration of cyanamide in rats a histological and biochemical study. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol SI 219-1%, 1985... 

Reduced folate Reduction of serum or red cell folate has been reported over long-term administration of cholestyramine. Consider supplementation with folic acid. 

Continued long-term administration is justified if use of the drug Significantly reduces painful or disabling spasticity such as clonus significantly reduces the intensity P.756... 

Bone toxicity It is not known if long-term administration of tenofovir (more than 1 year) will cause bone abnormalities. If bone abnormalities are suspected, obtain appropriate consultation. 

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