Aerosols inhalation

Peptides and proteins can be delivered to the lung for localized or systemic effects by either intratracheal instillation or aerosol inhalation. 

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The action of epinephrine and related agents forms the basis of therapeutic control of smooth muscle contraction. Breathing disorders, including asthma and various allergies, can result from excessive contraction of bronchial smooth muscle tissue. Treatment with epinephrine, whether by tablets or aerosol inhalation, inhibits MLCK and relaxes bronchial muscle tissue. More specific bronchodilators, such as albuterol (see figure), act more selec-... 

Educating the Patient and Family If die patient is to use an aerosol inhalator for administration of die bronchodilator, die nurse provides a... 

The nurse should not assume that the patient understands how to use an aerosol inhaler correctly. Many patients, ever with repeated instruction, do not use the proper technique to administer the drug by inhalation. Along with verbal instructions, the nurse should have the patient demonstrate the use of the inhaler to evaluate if he or she is using the proper technique, ft is important to repeat instructionsat each follow-up visit. 

The patient demonstrates an understanding of the drug regimen and use of the nebulizer or aerosol inhalator. 

Formulation(s) aerosol inhalation 20 fig/metered inhalation, 40 pg/metered inhalation inhalation sol. 250 pg/... 

Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs. 1975. Effect of physico-chemical properties on metabolism of transuranium oxide aerosols inhaled by beagle dogs. Richland, WA Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs. BNWLSA5430. 

PR Byron. Prediction of drug residence times in regions of the human respiratory tract following aerosol inhalation. J Pharm Sci 75 433-438, 1986. 

Cannabinoids have been shown to dilate bronchioles in healthy subjects following acute administration (Hollister, 1986) this led to the suggested possible use by asthma sufferers. However, the lipophilic nature of cannabinoids meant that aerosol inhalers were not very effective. Smoking of the whole plant and oral THC preparations have been shown to have significant effects for at least 2 hours (Tashkin et al., 1976). 

Schanker, L. S., Mitchell, E. W., Brown, R. A., Jr., Species comparison of drug absorption from the lung after aerosol inhalation or intratrachael injection, Drug Metab. Dispos. 1986,... 

Acute aerosol inhalation toxicity of carbofuran to warm-blooded animals... 

Table 12.6 Acute Aerosol Inhalation Toxicity of Carbofuran to Warm-Blooded Animals...

Ferguson, P.W., S.A. Jewell, R.I. Krieger, and O.G. Raake. 1982. Carbofuran disposition in the rat after aerosol inhalation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1 245-258. 

In critical evaluation of the effect of a gas, vapor, or aerosol inhaled in to the respiratory tract of an animal, the dosimetric method has been recommended (Oberst, 1961). However, due to the complexity of measuring the various parameters simultaneously, only a few studies on gaseous drugs or chemicals have employed the dosimetric method (Weston and Karel, 1946 Adams et al., 1952 Leong and MacFarland, 1965 Landy et al., 1983 Stott and McKenna, 1984 Dallas et al., 1986, 1989). For studies on liquid or powdery aerosols, modified techniques such as intratracheal instillation (Brain et al., 1976) or endotracheal nebulization (Leong et al., 1988) were used to deliver an exact dose of the test material into the lower respiratory tract (LRT) while bypassing the URT and ignoring the ventilatory parameters. 

Brain, J.D., Knudson, D.E., Sorokin, S.P. and Davis, M.A. (1976). Pulmonary distribution of particles given by intratracheal instillation or be aerosol inhalation. Environ. Res. 11 13-33. 

Administration to the airspaces of the IPL can be achieved by instillation, forced sprays and aerosol inhalation. These can achieve regional targeting and should be considered carefully and validated at the beginning of experimental programmes. Drugs can also be administered to the lung via the... 

Dahlback M, Eirefelt S, Nerbrink O (1996) Aerosol delivery to the respiratory tract in experimental animals. In Marijnissen JCM, Gradon L (eds.) Aerosol Inhalation Recent Research Frontiers. Kluwer academic publishers, Netherlands, pp 235-246. 

Figure 3. Time course of response to standard crude bract extract. Mean MEF40%(P) (0) and FEVi,o CAl response to the crude extract aerosol as a function of time after the start of aerosol inhalation (0-10 min ). The subjects...

New techniques have been developed for the direct measurement of mucociliary transport rates in the trachea. Yeates et al. used an external gamma camera to follow a bolus of labeled microspheres deposited in the large airways by aerosol inhalation they fitted a log-normal distri-... 

In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Aerosol Inhalation, Lung Transport, Deposition and the Relation to the Environment Recent Research Frontiers, Warsaw, Poland, 14—16 September 1995 (Eds Marijnissen JCM, Grado n L). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1996. 

Animal data are available for intermediate exposures by the inhalation and dermal routes of exposure. No animal data were located by the oral route. Most of these studies found no evidence of toxicity in any of the exposure conditions used in each (Carpenter et al. 1976 Bruner 1984 Lock et al. 1984 NTP/NIH 1986). However, the lack of toxicity in these studies has not been verified by more than one study using the same fuel oil, species, and/or route of exposure. In one aerosol inhalation study (Dalbey et al. 1987) there were positive findings for respiratory, hematological, and body weight effects at higher doses than those used in the studies by Carpenter et al. (vapor) (1979) and Lock et al. (aerosol) (1984). However, MRLs cannot be derived from these data because the Dalbey et al. study was not designed to test for a dose-response relationship, and therefore, the exact LOAEL(s) could not be determined for these effects. 

Patients with cystic fibrosis use aerosol inhaler sprays of the DNA-hydrolyzing enzyme deoxyribonuclease to help reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions, which contain large amounts of DMA arising from destruction of WBCs as they fight lung Infections. 

Evans and Farr [314] patented a process for preparation of aerosol inhalants containing proteins and peptides (with particular reference to insulin) solubilized in RMs. 

Because information on possible long-term effects of the other irritant chemicals used in the Edgewood tests is sparse, this chapter focuses on the effects of mustard gas and two lacrimators, CS and CN. Information on the potential long-term adverse effects of these chemicals is derived from several sources first, observation of long-term disabilities in soldiers who were exposed to a single (in most cases) toxic concentration of irritant during World War I and in persons exposed in peacetime accidents or riot-control procedures second, studies of morbidity in workers chronically exposed to chemical irritants during their manufacture and third, studies in which experimental laboratory animals were exposed to selected chemicals by topical application, injection, or aerosol inhalation. 

Upshall, D.G. Effects of o-chlorobenzylldene malononitrile (CS) and the stress of aerosol inhalation upon rat and rabbit embryonic development. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 24 45-59, 1973. 

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