Patients experience

A bursa, a sac filled with fluid located around a principal joint, is lined with a synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid. This fluid minimizes friction between the tendon and the bone, or between tendon and ligament. Repeated small stresses and ovemse can cause the bursa in the shoulder, hip, knee, or ankle to swell. This swelling and irritation is referred to as bursitis. Some patients experience bursitis in association with tendonitis. Bursitis can usually be reheved by rest and in some cases by using antiinflammatory medications. Some orthopedic surgeons also inject the bursa with additional medication to reduce the inflammation. 

Expected outcomes define the expected behavior of the patient or family that indicates that the problem is being resolved or that progress toward resolution is occurring. Expected outcomes serve as a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of nursing interventions. For example, if the nursing intervention is to monitor the blood pressure every hour, the expected outcome is that the patient experiences no further elevation in blood pressure ... 

Instructs die patient and family to notify die healtii care provider at once should die patient experience any adverse reactions or signs and symptoms of infection. 

ORAL ADMINISTRATION. The nurse administers cephalosporins around the clock to the patient to provide adequate blood levels. Most cephalosporins may be taken with food to prevent gastric upset. Cefdinir may be taken without regard to food. The absorption of oral cefuroxime and cefpodoxime is increased when given with food. However, if the patient experiences gastrointestinal upset, the nurse can administer the drug with... 

Rare cases of hemolytic anemia, including fatalities, have been reported with the administration of the cephalosporins. The patient should be monitored for anemia If a patient experiences anemia within 2 to 3 weeks after the start of cephalosporin therapy, drug-induced anemia should be considered. If hemolytic anemia is suspected, the primary health care provider will discontinue the drug therapy. The patient may require blood transfusions to correct tire anemia. Frequent hematological studies may be required. 

Promoting an Optimal Response to Therapy Superficial and deep fungal infections respond slowly to antifungal therapy. Many patients experience anxiety and depression over the fact that therapy must continue for a prolonged time Depending on the method of treatment, patients may be faced with many problems during therapy and therefore need time to talk about problems as they arise Examples of problems are the cost of treatment, hospitalization (when required), the failure of treatment to adequately control the infection, and loss of income. The nurse must help the patient and the family to understand that therapy must be continued until tlie infection is under control. In some cases, therapy may take weeks or months. 

C. most patients experience severe adverse reaction and must be monitored closely... 

This type of pain management is used for postoperative pain, labor pain, and cancer pain. The most serious adverse reaction associated with the administration of narcotics by the epidural route is respiratory depression. The patient may also experience sedation, confusion, nausea, pruritus, or urinary retention. Fentanyl is increasingly used as an alternative to morphine sulfate because patients experience fewer adverse reactions. 

P occurs when the patient experiences marked hypotenson (or... 

The first dose effect may be minimized by decreasing the initial dose and administering the dose at bedtime The dosage can then be slowly increased every 2 weeks until a full therapeutic effect is achieved. If die patient experiences syncope, die nurse places die patient in a recumbent position and treats supportively. This effect is self-limiting and in most cases does not recur after the initial period of tiierapy. Light-headedness and dizziness are more common tiian loss of consciousness. The section below discusses these effects and provides interventions for management. 

Some patients, once their seizures are under control (eg, stop occurring or occur less frequendy), may have a tendency to stop the drug abrupdy or begin to omit a dose occasionally. The drug must never be abrupdy discontinued or doses omitted. If the patient experiences drowsiness during initial therapy, a family member should be responsible for administration of the drug. 

If the patient experiences dizziness or drowsiness, it is important to provide assistance with ambulation. If drowsiness is severe or if other problems such as dizziness or a disturbance in muscle coordination occur, the patient may require assistance with ambulation and other activities. The nurse places the call light within easy reach and instructs the patient to call before attempting to get out of bed or ambulate. The nurse informs the patient that this adverse reaction may lessen with continued use of the drug. 

An increase in serum lipids is believed to contribute to or cause atherosclerosis, a disease characterized by deposits of fatty plaques on the inner walls of arteries. These deposits result in a narrowing of the lumen (inside diameter) of the artery and a decrease in blood supply to the area served by the artery. When these fatty deposits occur in the coronary arteries, the patient experiences coronary artery disease. Lowering blood cholesterol levels can arrest or reverse atherosclerosis in the vessels and can significantly decrease the incidence of heart disease. 

Iron dextran is a parenteral iron that is also used for die treatment of iron deficiency anemia It is primarily used when the patient cannot take oral drugs or when the patient experiences gastrointestinal intolerance to oral iron administration. Other iron preparations, both oral and parenteral, used in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia can be found in the Summary Drug Table Dragp Used in the Treatment of Anemia... 

The drug is discontinued and the primary care provider is notified immediately if the patient experiences these symptoms or if the serum potassium levels... 

Some patients experience dizziness or light-headedness, especially during the first few days of therapy or when a rapid diuresis has occurred. Fhtients who are dizzy but are allowed out of bed are assisted by the nurse with ambulatory activities until these adverse drug effects disappear. 

ANTACIDS. When antacids are given, the nurse keeps a record of the patient s bowel movements because these drug may cause constipation or diarrhea. If the patient experiences diarrhea, the nurse keeps an accurate record of fluid intake and output along with a description of the diarrhea stool. Changing to a different antacid usually alleviates the problem. Diarrhea may be controlled by combining a magnesium antacid with an antacid containing aluminum or calcium. 

When the patient experiences emotional stress, infection, surgery, pregnancy, or an acute illness... 

Insulin requirements may change when the patient experi-encesany form of stress and with any ///ness particularly illnesses resulting in nausea and vomiting. 

MANAGING LACTIC ACIDOSIS. When taking metformin, the patient is at risk for lactic acidosis. The nurse monitors die patient for symptoms of lactic acidosis, which include unexplained hyperventilation, myalgia, malaise, gastrointestinal symptoms, or unusual somnolence If the patient experiences these symptoms, the nurse should contact the primary care provider at once. Elevated blood lactate levels of greater than 5 mmol/L are associated with lactic acidosis and should be reported immediately. Once a patient s diabetes is stabilized on metformin therapy, the adverse GI reactions that often occur at the beginning of such therapy are unlikely to be related to the drug therapy. A later occurrence of GI symptoms is more likely to be related to lactic acidosis or other serious disease. 

If Hie patient experiences a rash while taking methimazole or propylthiouracil, tlie nurse carefully documents Hie affected areas, noting size, texture, and extent of tlie rash, and reports tlie occurrence of Hie rash to tlie primary health care provider. Soothing creams or lubricants may be applied, and soap is used sparingly, if at all, until Hie rash subsides. 

The drug is not readministered if there is a sudden partial or complete loss of vision or if the patient experiences ptosis, diplopia, or migraine. 

Not all MH susceptible patients experience a crisis with their first anesthetic. A susceptible patient can have one or more uneventful anesthetics and develop the MH crises during subsequent anesthetics. Mortality from MH was 90% in the early years, came down to 70% n 1975 and it was estimated to be 7% in 1980 and has remained relatively stable through the 1980s. 

The ON-DFF effect in which patients experience abrupt swings, perhaps in a matter of minutes, between the extreme of AIMs (1) and akinesia (2). A patient may be walking fairly well but then become suddenly akinetic and fixed before quickly moving again. 

Do not combine with an antiplatelet agent o If patient experiences a systemic embolism while receiving warfarin and has a therapeutic INR, add aspirin 75-100 mg/d. For patients unable to take aspirin, then add dipyridamole 400 mg/d or clopidogel 75 mg/d. Immediate release dipyridamole needs an acidic gastric pH (<4) for adequate absorption... 

Levalbuterol may be utilized if the patient experiences tachycardia or tremors with albuterol ° Antimicrobials should be reserved for patients with evidence of a bacterial respiratory tract infection... 

---