Breathing-related sleep disorders

Breathing-related sleep disorder Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Delayed sleep phase type Jet lag type Shift work type Unspecified type... 

C. The sleep disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorder, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, or a parasomnia. 

Breathing-Reiated Sieep Disorders. The breathing-related sleep disorders include obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, and alveolar hypoventilation. Of these three, obstructive sleep apnea is by far the most common. The patient with sleep apnea usually breathes normally when awake and only stops breathing while asleep. Occasional episodes of apnea are normal, but five or more episodes of apnea per hour are usually considered diagnostic of the disorder. 

It is important that the breathing-related sleep disorders be distinguished from other forms of insomnia. The key reason is that many of the most common medications used to treat insomnia worsen the breathing-related sleep disorders. For example, benzodiazepines, the most commonly used class of sleeping pills, can... 

Breathing-related sleep disorder is a potentially life-threatening abnormal respiratory condition. It includes cessation of both nasal and oral air flow (apnea), which in some patients may last up to 2 min. The most prominent sign is loud snoring. This disorder can also include hypopneas and hypoventilation. There are three forms of breathing-related sleep disorders ... 

Sleep apnea syndromes the absence of respiration during sleep (breathing related sleep disorder)... 

Ventilators are either negative-pressure or positive-pressure. Negative-pressure ventilation involves directing air directly into the lungs, and positive-pressure ventilation involves directing air into the trachea. Some ventilators require intubation, the placement of a tube into the trachea from the nose or mouth. Ventilation requiring intubation is typically used for patients who will require ventilation for a protracted period. Other ventilators work with a breathing mask that can be placed over the mouth and nose. With the increase in respiratory-related sleep disorders (such as obstructive sleep apnea), use of two positive airway pressure systems—continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bilevel positive pressure ventilators (BiPAP)—has become very common. 

There are also medical sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and additional sleep related breathing disorders and snoring, as well as other medical sleep problems including narcolepsy and hypersonmias of other origin and sleep disorders secondary to other medical problems, such as pain or neurological issues or heart failure, that influence sleep duration and quality. 

Svendsen M, Blomhoff R, Holme I, Tonstad S. 2007. The effect of an increased intake of vegetables and fruit on weight loss, blood pressure and antioxidant defense in subjects with sleep related breathing disorders. Eur JOin Nutr 61(11) 1301—1311. 

American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force. Sleep related breathing disorders in adults recommendations for syndrome definition and measurements techniques in clinical research. Sleep 1999 22 667-689. 

Maasilta P, Bachour A, Teramo K, Polo O, Laitinen LA. Sleep-related disordered breathing during pregnancy in obese women. Chest 2001 120 1448-1454. 

In the late 80s, Findley et al. (28) published a study on a small population of apneic patients compared to controls (29 apneics vs. 35 controls). A higher risk of traffic accidents was found among patients suffering from sleep-related breathing disorders compared to the controls. 

Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders Experimental Models and Therapeutic Potential, edited by D. W. Carley... 

In contrast, hypnotic doses of benzodiazepines may worsen sleep-related breathing disorders by adversely affecting control of the upper airway muscles or by decreasing the ventilatory response to CO2. The latter effect may cause hypoventilation and hypoxemia in some patients with severe COPD, although benzodiazepines may improve sleep and sleep structure in some instances. In patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), hypnotic doses of benzodiazepines may exaggerate the impact of apneic episodes on alveolar hypoxia, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac ventricular load. Caution should be exercised with patients who snore regularly partial airway obstruction may be converted to OSA under the influence of these drugs. 

Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders Experimental Models and Therapeutic Potential, edited by D. W. Carley and M. Radulovacki Chemokines in the Lung, edited by R. M. Strieter, S. L. Kunkel, and T. J. Standiford... 

Noises and light in the bedroom can disturb sleep and they may be easily detected using the microphone and light meter or cameras of smartphones. Snore sound is one of the signals usually acquired in a sleep laboratory when a sleep-related breathing disorder is suspected. There is evidence that when a microphone is calibrated and placed at a specified... 

Suresh S, Wales P, Dakin C, et al. Sleep-related breathing disorder in Duchenne muscular dystrophy disease spectrum in the paediatric population. J Paediatr Child Health 2005 41 500-503. 

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