Reports of original research

Use the standard form for reports of original research whether the report is published in a journal or proceedings volume. Even if the information is more suited to one of the shorter types of presentations, the logic of the standard format applies, although some headings or sections may be omitted or other sections and subsections added. Manuscripts for monographs, handbooks,... 

After you have determined the function of the manuscript and identified the audience, review your material for completeness or excess. Reports of original research, whether intended for a journal or a book, can be organized in the standard format abstract, introduction, experimental details or theoretical basis, results, discussion, and conclusions. These sections are discussed in Chapter 2. 

Some of the other activities of trade and allied associations, as, for example, the issuance of commodity specifications, the preparation of chemical safety data sheets, and the publication of journals that contain reports of original research investigations, may provide a valuable source of data within the context of specific problems. Space forbids their inclusion. 

Once you know the function of your paper and have identified its audience, review your material for completeness or excess. Then, organize your material into the standard format introduction, experimental details or theoretical basis, results, discussion, and conclusions. This format has become standard because it is suitable for most reports of original research, it is basically logical, and it is easy to use. The reason it accommodates most reports of original research is that it parallels the scientific method of deductive reasoning define the problem, create a hypothesis, devise an experiment to test the hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and draw conclusions. Furthermore, this format enables the reader to understand quickly what is being presented and to find specific information easily. This ability is crucial now more than ever because scientists, if not all professionals, must read much more material than their time seems to allow. 

Use the standard format, which is described next, for reports of original research but not necessarily for literature reviews or theoretical papers. Present all parts of your paper as concisely as possible. 

Nonetheless, computers are convenient as word processors to prepare summary reports of original research and to store original experimental data in compact form. Computer records also can be easily and rapidly searched for key words and phrases. Compared to traditional notebooks, however, these labor- and time-saving features are accompanied by risks of reduced permanence, lack of contemporaneity, inaccuracies, loss, or compromise. There also is a concern that the electronically stored data is not easily identified as being written by the author, while handwriting identifies a notebook as being authored by the person. This issue has not been tested in priority claims. 

Occasionally, however, symposia are of such highly specialized nature that only a relatively small percentage of the readers of any one of the established A.C.S. journals would be served by journal publication. The problems of publishing such symposia in their entirety in the regular journals are increasing, particularly so when the demand continues unabated for editorial pages to report the results of original research. 

Tertiary publications, as described by Sewell [52] in Guide to Drug Information, are those publications that are the furthest removed from the literature of original research. The tertiary literature is a distillation and evaluation of data and information first presented in such primary literature sources as research reports, meeting presentations, and journal articles. Being furthest removed from the primary report, the tertiary literature characteristically is the least current and the most vulnerable to misinterpretations, biases, and inaccuracies. But just as characteristic, the tertiary literature is the most accessible, easiest to use, and perhaps the most used of all information resources. Information searches generally start with a perusal of... 

It is important that you are not over-ambitious. Your project is unlikely to be a piece of original research, but it will be new to you. Take the advice given by your teacher or lecturer. You have only a limited time available to plan your project, carry out the experimental work and then write up the Project Report. If you try to do too much, you may run out of time. 

Notes are concise accounts of original research of a limited scope. They may also be preliminary reports of special significance. The material reported must be definitive and may not be published again later. Appropriate subjects for notes include improved procedures of wide applicability or interest, accounts of novel observations or of compounds of special interest, and development of new techniques. Notes are subject to the same editorial appraisal as full-length articles. 

Consider conducting a literature search on an electronic database such as MEDLINE if the question relates to new developments in therapeutic options. In this case, health care professionals must consult primary literature. Dozens of electronic databases exist as primary sources of original research reports. 

A. McKenzie of Canberra and I have embarked on a review of the present state of our knowledge of water, especially in its relation to proteins. The first part of this study has been published ( ) we are still at work on the second and final part. We are not reporting on original research of our own, and I have indeed retired from the laboratory several years ago but we hope to provide some perspective on aspects of aqueous protein systems that have long preoccupied us. Here I will briefly discuss only two points (1) an aspect of hydro-phobic interactions that has only recently become apparent, and is still not widely noted, and (2) a few aspects of the location and mobility of water molecules in protein crystals, and (by inference) in solutions. 

Research progress is very rapid in biochemistry, and the literature in the field is vast and growing. Many books appear each year, and a large number of primary research journals and review journals report on original research. References to this body of literature are provided at the end of each chapter. A particularly useful reference is Scientific American its articles include general overviews of the topics discussed. Trends in Biochemical Sciences and Science (a journal published weekly by the American Association for the Advancement of Science) are more advanced but can serve as primary sources of information about a given topic. In addition to material in print, a wealth of information has become available in elec-... 

The nature of the book, which is one of inclusiveness, collaboration, and integration, means that we owe a debt of gratitude to all of the researchers who conducted and reported the original research cited in the book (both in the reference lists and the Eurther Reading sections of each chapter). Many multiauthored review articles are also cited, some of which are reports from the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium thanks are expressed to all authors. 

This Report, the second in the Series, is intended as a logical successor to the initial volume and has again been planned to give those interested in macro-molecular chemistry a useful and easily-read entry to current macromolecular chemistry research. Whereas the vast amount of original research literature available prevents this work from being completely comprehensive, the degree of selection achieved ensures that as many areas as possible are adequately represented. The Report covers the new Literature available to us from January 1979 to December 1980. 

There are several recent reviews on the topic as well as a vast number of original research reports. Marcus (1981) in the Gmetin Handbook gives an authoritative overview on solution studies related to aqua complex formation the literature is covered up to 1978. Carnall (1979) in this Handbook covers approximately the same period, emphasizing spectroscopic studies. Since the late 1970 s a few additional reviews have appeared. Grenthe (1978) discusses briefly the thermodynamics and kinetics of R complex formation in aqueous solutions, while Williams (1982) focuses his review on the NMR methods and biological systems. The most comprehensive of the recent reviews is that of Lincoln (1987), which discusses the ligand substitution processes and includes data from nonaque-ous solutions. 

Read the article on the original research (Emsiey, 1971) and include a commentary on these results in your report for this experiment. Emsiey claims that the enthalpy of solution... 

Advances in Chemistry Series was founded in 1949 by the American Chemical Society as an outlet for symposia and collections of data in special areas of topical interest that could not be accommodated in the Society s journals. It provides a medium for symposia that would otherwise be fragmented, their papers distributed among several journals or not published at all. Papers are refereed critically according to ACS editorial standards and receive the careful attention and processing characteristic of ACS publications. Papers published in Advances in Chemistry Series are original contributions not published elsewhere in whole or major part and include reports of research as well as reviews since symposia may embrace both types of presentation. 

The scientific literature has become so immense that it is an impossible task for anyone, by reading the original research reports, to become familiar with the background and current status of more than a very limited field. Even in a narrow area, only a few scientists are sufficiently knowledgable and critical to be able to present the kind of review that will be most useful to others. 

The first reports of the observation of transient emission and enhanced absorption signals in the H-n.m.r. spectra of solutions in which radical reactions were taking place appeared in 1967. The importance of the phenomenon, named Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Spin Polarization (CIDNP), in radical chemistry was quickly recognized. Since that time, an explosive growth in the number of publications on the subject has occurred and CIDNP has been detected in H, C, N, and P as well as H-n.m.r. spectra. Nevertheless, the number of groups engaged in research in this area is comparatively small. This may be a consequence of the apparent complexity of the subject. It is the purpose of this review to describe in a quahtative way the origin of CIDNP and to survey the published applications of the phenomenon in... 

The purpose of the symposium on which this book is based was to report original research advances that use luminescence as a basic investigative tool. Because these applications transcend the fleld of chemistry, a multidisciplinary group of prominent scientists contributed... 

Key findings are reported from a study by David Brown of Warwick Research Institute into the environmental aspects of plastics packaging used for snack foods. The four options of reduction, re-use, recycling and recovery are discussed. The original research examines OPP as the most commonly used plastic for snack food packaging. BODY SHOP... 

---