Drawing conclusions

A method should be vaUdated for its iatended use with an acceptable protocol. AH experiments conducted to make claims or draw conclusions about the vahdation of the method should be documented in a method vaUdation report. 

Other points to watch when drawing conclusions from the facts are-. 

The hydroxythiophenes which exist predominantly as the thiolen-2-ones also show reactions characteristic of the enol form. They can be methylated at the oxygen with dimethyl sulfate of diazomethane and they can also be acylated. - - They also react as thio-lene-2-ones showing a reactive methylene group which can be condensed with benzaldehyde. The danger of using chemical reactivity data for drawing conclusion as to the physical state of these tautomerizable systems has been pointed out. ... 

The distributions of phenolic isomers in hydroxylations in the animal body arc often similar to those obtained by Fenton s reagent. For example, the hydroxylation of coumarin by the rabbit gives the six hydroxycoumarins in amounts decreasing in the order 3- >7->6- >8- >4- /—5-, whereas Fenton s reagent gives mainly the 3-, 5-, and 7-derivatives with traces of the 6- and 8-derivatives. It may, however, be misleading to draw conclusions about the nature of... 

The highly detailed results obtained for the neat ionic liquid [BMIM][PFg] clearly demonstrate the potential of this method for determination of molecular reorienta-tional dynamics in ionic liquids. Further studies should combine the results for the reorientational dynamics with viscosity data in order to compare experimental correlation times with correlation times calculated from hydrodynamic models (cf [14]). It should thus be possible to draw conclusions about the intermolecular structure and interactions in ionic liquids and about the molecular basis of specific properties of ionic liquids. 

A new or calculated point of performance is not defined until all three factors have been determined. It is not sufficient to determine one point and draw conclusions, but rather the total effect of the change must be considered. 

Using the test results, draw conclusions as to the validity of the theory... 

Drugs can only be effective if enough is present at the target site and they can be harmful if too much is present so as to produce toxic side effects. Any attempt to draw conclusions about the clinical efficacy of a drug in a clinical trial without knowledge of the concentration at the target site is premature. The science of pharmacokinetics basically... 

The sceptical chemist draws conclusions regarding chemical materials chiefly on the basis of quantitative chemical analysis which is the touchstone of all chemical hypothesis. 

The analytical method to be discussed in this chapter consists in exciting a characteristic line (the analytical lined for each element sought in a sample in identifying each such element by measuring the wavelength of the analytical line and in drawing conclusions, from the measured intensity of the analytical line, about the amount of each such element present. This method is likely to become more important in analytical chemistry than all the other x-ray methods combined. It is presented after the absorptiometric methods and after the determination of film thickness because it is more easily understood on the basis of the earlier material. 

Used either as prelaboratory preparation for related laboratory activities or to expose students to additional laboratory activities not available in their program, these modules motivate students to learn by proposing real-life problems in a virtual environment. Students make decisions on experimental design, observe reactions, record data, interpret these data, perform calculations, and draw conclusions from their results. Following a summary of the module, students test their understanding by applying what they have learned to new situations or by analyzing the effect of experimental errors. 

We can draw conclusions regarding deformation of ions from observations of the diamagnetic susceptibility just as from those of the mole refraction. Thus in the series C03 , N03 and PO, SO4" the experimental values of / show successively greater deviations from the theoretical ones (assuming undeformed 0= ions) with increasing electrical charge of the central ion. ... 

One must now realize that extreme caution should be exercized in drawing conclusions about RIM polymerization from batch isothermal reactions at high temperature. 

Students can explain hydrogen bondings correctly, but have difficulties, to predict them from chemical formula and to draw conclusions concerning the physical properties of the substance. (Peterson et al., 1989 Ozmen, 2004)... 

If one is able to draw conclusions at this stage, then they must be very tentative and should best reflect present indications as to profitable next steps. The era of measuring simple retentions is past and we are at the stage of measuring trends and external influences. It is to be hoped that this stage will increasingly become a period of selecting experiments and systems in order to answer specific questions. 

While the ECG is an invaluable tool for the observation of heart rate and rhythm, as well as for the diagnosis of conduction abnormalities, ischaemia, and infarcts, its detailed interpretation is not without pitfalls. One reason for this is that different changes in cardiac cellular behaviour may give rise to very similar effects on the ECG. This makes it difficult to draw conclusions from a patient s ECG to the underlying (sub-)cellular mechanisms. This issue is usually referred to as the inverse problem. ... 

At the beginning of this chapter the antagonism between expert methodologists, pharmacoeconomic purists and clinical pragmatists was mentioned. Given the inability to draw conclusive inferences from the data presented here, it would seem that the purists have at least partly been proved correct. 

For patients who demonstrate continued neurological deterioration despite anticoagulation, local intrathrombus thrombolysis may be beneficial. In case series in which most patients received urokinase, favorable outcome with no major therapeutic morbidity has been described.In one study, 29 patients with angiogram-proven CVST were reviewed retrospectively. Of the 18 who received local urokinase, 17 recovered completely, and 1 was left with a mild neurological deficit. Heparin was given to four patients, three of whom made a complete recovery. Six presented in a comatose state with severe CVST and only supportive measures were used. It is difficult to draw conclusions from these data, as only patients with mild or moderately severe disease were selected for thrombolytic treatment. 

The main purpose of this paper is to draw conclusions from a rather long list of papers and dissertations published from Leiden. Therefore, for details on the techniques used (catalytic measurements. Auger spectroscopy, TPD, IR) as well as for details of catalyst preparation, the reader is kindly referred to the literature quoted. 

International Conference on Microreaction Technology and draws conclusions [224]. 

---