Primary sources, literature

The sources of the data comprise not only the primary chemical literature from international journals and patents (including the synthetic chemistry literature), but... 

In a manner comparable to Christian eschatology, alchemical literature insisted on its own purificatory rituals that involved the preliminary torture, death and dismemberment of the prima materia. The canonical Catholic depiction of Christ s sacrificed body was a primary source for sixteenth and seventeenth century illustrations of the tortured body in anatomical and alchemical publications. In eflfect, the practice of Paracelsian alchemical medicine and surgery had a sacramental connotation, since the physician acted on the human body in the same manner as God worked on the great universal Macrocosmic Body. In like manner, the Paracelsian physician introduced the universal panacea, a liquid form of the philosopher s stone, into the alchemical alembic that was the Microcosmic human body. This alchemical medicine was permeated with the starry virtues of the heavens and the grace of Christ s Spirit, redeeming the body and soul of the patient by granting him not only an extended life on earth, but even eternal salvation. 

So if we want to know what Andreae is about, I think we need to go behind the secondary literature, which is often unreliable or inaccurate, and back to the primary sources to see what Andreae himself wrote. The problem is that these are often inaccessible - the texts are rare, and the language in which they are written is difficult. This page will try to help here by assembling relevant passages and putting them into their context... 

Several estimates of [Fe/H] are available in the literature from analysis of HR spectra (e.g. Cayrel, Soubiran Ralite, 2001) and from photometry calibrations. In this paper we use Taylor (1999, 2003) as primary sources of [Fe/H] but we complement them by using data from Montes et al. (1999), Valdes et al. (2004), and Nordstrom et al. (2004). Moreover, for stars not included in the above mentioned papers we derived [Fe/H] from Stromgren photometry by using... 

Literature. The publication of case reports in medical and scientific journals is an important primary source of information on ADRs. Many ADRs are noted in medical and scientific journals before they become well known. For example, the association of thalidomide with birth defects was first noted in a letter to the Lancet in 1961. The quality of ADR reports in the published literature can be variable and has been the subject of much criticism and correspondence, though guidelines have been promulgated for these (Jones, 1982). 

Despite the anecdotal nature and sometimes poor documentation, publication of case reports in journals remains one of the most useful primary sources of information on ADRs. ADR reports in the literature can be identified in several different ways. Prepublication manuscripts describing a spontaneous case report or an event from a clinical trial are sometimes provided by authors to the manufacturer of the drug and the regulatory authority in that country. Pharmaceutical companies are required to be aware of the literature as to the safety of their approved therapeutic products, and are assumed (by law) to be cognizant of such. 

The primary sources of information for this study are documented research results published in the countries investigated, accompanied by investigations to clarify the country specific policy background and including expert assessment. The methodology of an expert survey has been chosen for data collection. The expert survey conducted in 18 European countries (all EU-member states, plus Norway, Switzerland and the Czech Republic) uses a questiormaire that consists of two types of questions questions that are to be answered on the basis of literature reviews and expert knowledge, and those based on additional surveys that are to be performed by national experts. 

In this study, environmental and resource use impacts of organic farming are assessed relative to conventional farming systems. The primary source of information for this report is a survey of specialists in 18 European countries (all EU-member states plus Norway, Switzerland and the Czech Republic) using a structured questionnaire. These experts were asked to refer back to their national literature on the subject. The second important source of information used in this report is a literature search in international databases completed by the authors. 

The primary source of information about the benefits and risks of drugs is found in the scientific literature in articles that have been submitted to independent referees and peer review, and been published in any of the currently available 20,000 biomedical journals. The largest and most commonly used medical bibliographic database, Medline, contains over 15 million citations today, and a search using the word drug gives 3.3 million citations. 

Identification of black tea as the primary source of flavonols (42.7%), procyanidins (49.5%), and catechins (63.6%) is again consistent with published literature for tea-drinking nations.For example, a study of 1900 Welsh men also observed that tea was the main dietary source of flavonols.Interestingly, 5.4 + 3.0 cups of tea were consumed by these subjects per day between 1979 and 1983 whereas the Scottish participants reported consuming only 2.8 + 2.4 cups of tea per day. This may reflect the current downward trend in tea consumption in the United Kingdom especially by adults under 50 years and also suggests that flavonols are obtained from other food sources in the Scottish diet. Hertog, for... 

Look at the various types of scientific articles including reviews, preliminary reports and full research papers. Be sure to examine those in the primary source journals which publish detailed research results. These articles have always been sent to referees, active scientists, who check to see that the experiments are described accurately, that the authors have cited relevant literature, and that the conclusions are logical. Some journals, e.g.,... 

In contrast to this expansion in the primary sources of data, secondary 19F-NMR literature coverage has declined Fields [76], Jameson [77], and Bovey[7published books Jameson s review [77] presents tables and figures viv idly displaying the magnitude... 

Primary sources documented after each chapter minimize the need to search the literature, 80 illustrations provide structural information, reaction schemes, spectra, speciation diagrams, and biochemical schemes, and 22 tables present detailed information with references to primary sources. Packed with current and authoritative information, the book covers chemistry and bioinorganic vanadium chemistry in a broad and systematic manner that engenders comprehensive understanding. 

A second rich collection of references on the polymorphic behaviour of organic materials is the compilation by Deffet (1942). This contains information and references to primary sources on 1188 substances that exhibit polymorphism at atmospheric pressure and another 32 that exhibit polymorphic behaviour at elevated pressures. A typical entry contains the number of reported polymorphic forms, their melting points, temperature(s) of transition, crystal system, some physical properties, and literature references, of which there are nearly 1000. Substances are organized by empirical formula with an index organized by compound name (in French). 

In the interim polymorphism has become a much more widely recognized and observed phenomenon, with both fundamental and commercial ramifications. The literature has grown enormously, albeit scattered in a variety of primary sources. In view of the growing interest in the subject there appeared to be the need for a monograph on the subject. Work in polymorphism and on polymorphs is quite interdisciplinary in nature, and as a result there is no single book that provides an introduction and overview of the subject. 

Experimentally measured values reported in the literature provide the primary source of kinetic data for the modeller. However, this information may be widely scattered and of variable quality. This has generated a need for bibliographies, reviews and critical assessments of the reported data to aid scientists and technologists who are not expert in chemical kinetics. In this section we review the main limitations of the primary data indicating how the need for compilation and critical evaluation has arisen. 

The sources of drug information are extremely diverse and include journals, books, conference proceedings, patents, and trade literature. These sources are generally classified as primary, secondary, or reference compendia/tertiary information. Primary refers to original and new information and secondary refers to reviews and commentaries of the primary information, whereas reference compendia or tertiary usually refers to compilations such as dictionaries and pharmacopoeias. When conducting an information literature search, it is wisest to begin with the reference/ tertiary sources as necessary and then move on to the secondary and finally the primary sources of drug information. 

Finally, there is no royal and simple method by which the older literature may be surveyed it is essential for searchers in this field to make a careful and detailed study of the literature, and to make a practice of actually handling the primary sources themselves this is no study for the man who is in a hurry. 

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