Removal of the Hazard

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DESCENT ONTO FLOATING ROOFS 

POTENTIAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH ENTRY UPON FLOATING ROOFS 

PREPARATION FOR ENTRY UPON FLOATING ROOFS VENTILATION, TESTING, AND RESCUE 

PROCEDURES FOR DESCENT ONTO OPEN-TOP FLOATING ROOFS 

Preparations Prior to Descent Onto Open-Top Floating Roofs Initial Descent Onto Open-Top Floating Roofs Working on Open-Top Floating Roofs of Tanks in Service Permissible Work on Open-Top Floating Roofs PROCEDURES FOR DESCENT ONTO INTERNAL AND COVERED OPEN-TOP FLOATING ROOFS 

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The future will bring further increase in concern over the environmental impact of chemical operations. The liquid effluents must not only be controlled, they must also be rendered harmless to the environment. This requires removal of the hazardous substances. For many of the dilute waste solutions, solvent extraction has proved to be an effective process. This is even more true for recycling of mixed metals from various industries. Nevertheless, the increasing amounts of wastes from human activities require much more to be done in this field. 

The immediate removal of the hazard from the environment (or if this is not possible, the movement of the population away from the hazard). 

For planned implosions, humans must be a safe distance from the implosion or protected by adequate barricades. One danger is debris from the event reaching people. For structures containing hazardous materials, demolition procedure will require the removal of the hazardous materials prior to the implosion. Release of the materials may create additional hazards to surrounding areas and nearby people. 

Li reported the first synthesis of calixarene-modified chitosan. The adsorption properties of calixarene-modified chitosan were greatly varied compared with that of chitosan, especially with the adsorption capacity towards Ag and Hg, becanse of the presence of calixarene moiety (Li et al., 2003). Pyravic acid modified chitosan had higher adsorption capacities for Cu + Co than chitosan and salicylalde-hyde modified chitosaa Chitosan benzoyl thiourea derivative has been synthesized and used successfully for the removal of the hazardous Co and Eu radio nuclides from aqueous solutions (Metwally et al., 2009). 

Elimination by the removal of the hazard itself to ensure that injury or damage will not occur. Many injuries occur each year from manually handling objects. By changing the work method and employing mechanical handling, the hazards from manual handling are eliminated. Boxes... 

Inherently Safe an essential character of a process, system, or equipment that makes it without or very low in hazard or risk. Usually accomplished by removal of the hazard rather than being designed for them... 

The two factors in determining the justification factor for fixing or removing a hazard are dependent on the cost and the amount of fix or removal of the hazard. This justification factor is obtained by... 

To determine whether the cost justifies the degree of fix or removal of the hazard, multiply the amount of fix or removal and cost to fix or remove values together. Apply this product to the following chart to determine if the cost is worth the amount of fix or removal of the hazard. 

It is sometimes necessary to shut down parts of an operating facility for cleaning and repair after a long onstream period while the remainder of the facility continues in operation. Removal of the hazardous chemicals from equipment under these conditions requires careful planning. It is always best to assume that some hazardous chemicals remain trapped, even after the equipment has been cleaned. The following precautions should be considered ... 

It may be appropriate, based upon the hazards of the materials processed, for the client company to make a final site visit during the toll shutdown activities to review the toller s methods and completeness of process termination. This review could include termination status such as removal of all hazardous wastes and verification of associated documentation, and the adequate cleanup of equipment and the process area. 

Doeumentation of the hazards, and how those hazards are antieipated to be removed... 

After treatment, the gases are evacuated either diieetly to the outside atmosphere or through a speeial exhaust system. Filtered, sterile air is then admitted either for a repeat of the vaeuum/air cycle or for air purging until the ehamber is opened. In this w, safe removal of the ethylene oxide is achieved ledueing the toxie hazard to the operator. Sterilized artieles are removed directly from the ehamber and arranged for desorption. 

The results of this situation can be readily foreseen. A requisition for a specific item is occasionally filled with an item which, at first glance, appears to be the one requested but, actually, was formulated for a different purpose and is either inadequate or dangerous to use for the intended purpose. A specific example of the hazards inherent in this situation may be found in the case of insecticide space spray composed of 1% DDT, 0.1% pyrethrins, or 2.5% thiocyanate in deodorized kerosene and 5% residual-effect DDT, both of which are issued in 5-gallon steel drums. Obviously, if a requisition for residual-effect DDT were to be filled with space spray, the application of the solution as a residual-effect compound w ould be of little or no value. Under some conditions, when stocks have been exposed to such adverse weather conditions that all gross identifying marks have been removed from the containers, the assumption has been made by the untrained native laborers that all unidentifiable cans of the same size contained the same material. Were it possible to have just one insecticide for all military purposes, such a situation could easily be avoided. 

PRECP Precipitation Precipitation removes metal and inorganic solids from liquid wastes to allow the safe disposal of the hazardous solid portion... 

Soil Cleanup, or remediation, of hazardous waste sites will often produce contaminated soil. Contaminated soil must be handled as hazardous waste if it contains a listed hazardous waste or if it exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste. As with hazardous waste, land disposal of hazardous soil is prohibited until the soil has been treated to meet LDR standards. These contaminated soils, due to either their large volume or unique properties, are not always amenable to the waste codespecific treatment standards. Because of this, U.S. EPA promulgated alternative soil treatment standards in 268.49 in May 1998. The alternative soil treatment standards mandate reduction of hazardous constituents in the soil by 90% or 10 times UTS, whichever is higher. Removal of the characteristic is also required if the soil is ignitable, corrosive, or reactive. 

It should be noted that early remedial actions for contaminated soil consisted primarily of excavation and removal of the contaminated soil from the site and its disposal at a landfill. SARA strongly recommends on-site treatment that permanently and significantly reduces the volume, toxicity, or mobility of hazardous substances, and utilizes cost-effective permanent solutions. The legislation prohibits land disposal of hazardous wastes unless U.S. EPA determines otherwise (as in the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments, HSWA). 

The aim of in situ control and containment is to reduce dispersion and leaching of a hazardous substance to other areas in the water body, in particular if removal of the substance is determined to be an unacceptable singular remedial response. The following briefly presents some common methods ... 

The only requirement for a disposal of small electrical waste appliances is that appliances may be shredded only if the components containing particularly hazardous substances have previously been removed. In the case of small cordless electrical appliances, the greater part of the hazardous substances can be eliminated by a prior removal of batteries and accumulators. 

Many hazardous operations require the use of pipelines to convey product material from one location to another. In time, these pipelines become lined with the hazardous product to the extent they could serve as a media for propagation of an incident from station to station. Therefore, periodically cleaning these lines of the hazardous residue is important to operational safety. Additionally, removing accumulations of residue in the pipelines will increase flow volume, operating efficiency, and will minimize the possibility of product contamination. 

Service line valves on service lines with pressure in excess of 60 psig, installed either inside buildings or in confined locations outside buildings where the blowing of gas would be hazardous, shall be designed and constructed to minimize the possibility of the removal of the core of the valve accidentally or willfully with ordinary household tools. 

Management was also aware of the hazards associated with concentrating hydroxylamine. As described in CSI s material safety data sheet (MSDS) "Danger of fire and explosion exists as water is removed or evaporated and hydroxylamine concentration approaches levels in excess of about 70%."... 

These preceding examples are clear evidence of the new sophistication available in environmental microbiology that contribute more specific and quantitative information on the structure of biodegradative microbial communities. Such information will lead to additional experimental study on the degree to which specific chemical biodegradation can be controlled and enhanced (in terms of total population densities) as a means for increasing the relative rate of removal of specific hazardous chemicals fi om the environment. 

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