SOIL TREATMENT

Soil treatment Soil Triggrr Soil vapor monitoring Sokolan... 

The phosphorodithioic acid esters related to demetoa are much more persisteat and less water-soluble systemic iasecticides. They are widely used as granular products for soil treatments and as dustiess seed treatments. 

Huling SG, Pope DF, Matthews JE, et al. 1995. Wood preserving waste-contaminated soil Treatment and toxicity response. In Hinchee RE et al., ed. Bioremediation of recalcitrant organics. Columbus, OH Battell Press, 101-109. 

Wilson, A. D. Crisp, S. (1977). Polymer-clay compounds and soil treatment. 

Sometimes it is impossible to effectively design out waste, and safe means have to be found to dispose of it. Many industrial processes produce relatively high levels of waste in a finely divided or dispersed form, such as ash, contaminated soil, treatment sludges, and so forth. This contaminated material is difficult to handle and process. A common approach to tackling this problem is to stabihse and sohdify the waste using a binder that immobilises contaminants within a hard matrix. This does not destroy the contaminants, but keeps them from moving into the surroimding environment. 

The polar character of neonicotinoids makes them, in general, potentially mobile in soil. Acetamiprid and nitenpyram have short soil persistence. Imidacloprid and thi-amethoxam, however, are sufficiently persistent in soil to be used for soil treatment. The definition of soil residues for the various neonicotinoid compounds except for imidacloprid are the parent compound and it metabolites. The metabolites of acetamiprid are lM-1-2, lM-1-4 and lC-0 (Figure 6). The metabolites of nitenpyram are 2-[N-(6-chloro-3-pyridyl-methyl)-A-ethyl]amino-2-methyliminoacetic acid (CPMA) and A-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-Ai-ethyl-A -methylformamidine] (CPMF). 

Soil Cleanup, or remediation, of hazardous waste sites will often produce contaminated soil. Contaminated soil must be handled as hazardous waste if it contains a listed hazardous waste or if it exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste. As with hazardous waste, land disposal of hazardous soil is prohibited until the soil has been treated to meet LDR standards. These contaminated soils, due to either their large volume or unique properties, are not always amenable to the waste codespecific treatment standards. Because of this, U.S. EPA promulgated alternative soil treatment standards in 268.49 in May 1998. The alternative soil treatment standards mandate reduction of hazardous constituents in the soil by 90% or 10 times UTS, whichever is higher. Removal of the characteristic is also required if the soil is ignitable, corrosive, or reactive. 

When available land space is insufficient for land farming, soil treatment can be carried out in piles or pits. Typical biopile and biopit constructions are presented in Figure 14.8 and Figure 14.9, respectively. When the soil has relatively low permeability, the pile can be constructed with sequential lifts of soil, approximately 60 cm in thickness, separated by permeable sand layers. These layers are connected with a vacuum pump or blower that is used to produce airflow though the soil pile. Water and nutrients are sprinkled on the top of the pile. 

The thermal desorption process could be an excellent first step in soil treatment if used in conjunction with another ex situ treatment. Thermal desorption can remove TCE, most diesel fuel, and perhaps organically bound lead. Chemical Waste Management, Inc., has claimed that thermal desorption can reduce volatile organics to less than 1 mg/L and inorganics to less than 10 mg/L (sometimes even to less than 1 mg/L), and has shown a removal of 96 to 99+% of PCBs from soils containing 120 to 6000 mg/L of initial PCBs.17-91... 

Simple to extend groundwater extraction system, vapor extraction system, and cap however, if significant metal concentration are present in Area 2, may need additional soil treatment or would need to extend cap... 

Duran, N. and Esposito, E., Potential applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment a review, Appl. Catal. B Environmental, 28, 83-99, 2000. 

All ex situ soil treatment methods involve a two-step approach soil excavation and aboveground treatment of the excavated soil. The differences in the various ex situ excavation/treatment methods for soil remediation lie only in the methods of soil treatment aboveground, such as soil washing plus extraction, and slurry biodegradation. 

The ammonium dynamics showed that the initial concentrations of N were reduced after the first 3 days, and after that, a release of the mineral occurred from day 3 up to day 14. Later still, the concentration of ammonium decreased by up to < 14 mg N kg 1 dry soil for all the treatments in both the Otumba and Texcoco soils, and the ammonium concentration decreased by up to < 2 mg N kg 1 dry soil for all treatments, except for the soil treated with sterilized sludge, < 31 mg N kg 1 dry soil. The contour of the ammonium dynamics was similar in both the Otumba and Texcoco soils. Many abiotic and biotic processes might affect the concentration of NH4+ in soil, such as NH4+ fixation in the soil matrix, volatilisation of NH3, and immobilization or oxidation of NH4+. Some soil processes were occurring at too low a level to be detectable, such as NH4+ fixation and the volatilisation of NH3. The nitrate dynamics were similar in both soils. The concentration of N03 was 120 mg N kg 1 dry soil in the control treatment in both soils. The ammonium concentration was similar in both soils, > 200 mg N kg 1 dry soil, treatments with sludge reached > 255 mg N kg 1 dry soil and > 300 mg N kg 1 dry soil in the Texcoco and Otumba soils respectively, and soils treated with sterilized sludge increased the concentration... 

Environmental and economic implications must be considered in order to make well-informed decisions on the management of soil treatments, i.e. how many, how often and what kind of organic fertilizer should be used in order to improve crop production and simultaneously limit soil deterioration and greenhouse gases production. 

Forrest, M., K.A. Lord, N. Walker, and H.C. Woodville. 1981. The influence of soil treatments on the bacterial degradation of diazinon and other organophosphorus insecticides. Environ. Pollut. 24A 93-104. 

Eshel D, Gamliel A, Grinstein A, Di Primo P, Katan J (2000) Combined soil treatments and sequence of application in improving the control of soilbome pathogens. Phytopathology 90 751-757... 

Ricci MS, De Almeida DL, Ribeiro RD, Aquino AM, Pereira JC, Polli D, Reis VM, Eklund CR (2000) Cyperus rotundus control by solarization. Biol Agric Hort 17 151-157 Rieger M, Krewer G, Lewis P (2001) Solarization and chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for preplant soil treatment of strawberries. HortTechnology 11 258-264 Ristaino JB, Perry KB, Lumsden RD (1991) Effect of soil solarization and Gliocladium virens on sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii, soil microbiota, and the incidence of southern blight in tomato. Phytopathology 81 1117-1124... 

Soil treatment, 25 834-843, 843-845 bioremediation, 25 835-836 electrokinetics, 25 843-844 ex situ bioremediation, 25 836, 842-843 in situ air stripping, 25 844 in situ bioremediation, 25 836-842 plume containment, 25 835 soil flushing, 25 844 soil vapor extraction, 25 844 sulfur use in, 23 591 vitrification, 25 844-845 Soil-vapor extraction defined, 3 759t... 

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