Removed requirements

There are a number of requirements and guidelines in QS-9000 Third Edition that have not been carried over into ISO/TS 16949 in fact 32 notes have been removed. Overall the omissions have no impact as they remove detail without changing the intent of the requirement or remove duplication and explanation. There are some omitted requirements that may have some impact  

1 Certification body notification. However, this could still be imposed as a customer-specific requirement. 

1 Shall continuously improve price. Replaced by improvement in cosfwhich changes the emphasis so that price could remain the same if costs fall and the increase in profit can be justified in order to fund development. 

3 Shall demonstrate knowledge of continuous improvement techniques. 

Limited to use of appropriate measures, which is less onerous. 

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Gas purification processes fall into three categories the removal of gaseous impurities, the removal of particulate impurities, and ultrafine cleaning. The extra expense of the last process is only justified by the nature of the subsequent operations or the need to produce a pure gas stream. Because there are many variables in gas treating, several factors must be considered (/) the types and concentrations of contaminants in the gas (2) the degree of contaminant removal desired (J) the selectivity of acid gas removal required (4) the temperature, pressure, volume, and composition of the gas to be processed (5) the carbon dioxide-to-hydrogen sulfide ratio in the gas and (6) the desirabiUty of sulfur recovery on account of process economics or environmental issues. 

Typically, the oil is subjected to several successive oleum contacts ("treats") at ca 60—65°C. This charge ratio of feedstock oleum is generally empirically determined, but depends in part on the degree of aromatic removal required for the product. In the case of white oil manufacture, 100 parts of... 

Lower alkalinity, raw water, silica, and CO2 removal required... 

The required desiccant weight is a function of several factors the water removal requirements (mass/time), the cycle time, the equiUbrium loading of water on the desiccant at the feed conditions, the residual water loading on the desiccant after regeneration, and the size of the mass-transfer zone of the desiccant bed. These factors, in turn, depend on the flow rate, temperature, pressure, and water content of both the fluid being dried and the regeneration fluid (see Adsorption, gas separation). 

Because of the presence of free fatty acids in the mix of hydrolysis products, pH strongly influences the removal of decomposed stains. The best rate of removal requires a pH value above 8 (50). 

To remove a pollutant from the carrying stream, some property of the pollutant that is different from the carrier must be exploited. The pollutant may have different size, inertia, electrical, or absorption properties. Removal requires that the equipment be designed to apply the scientific principles necessary to perform the separation. 

Adsorption for gas purification comes under the category of dynamic adsorption. Where a high separation efficiency is required, the adsorption would be stopped when the breakthrough point is reached. The relationship between adsorbate concentration in the gas stream and the solid may be determined experimentally and plotted in the form of isotherms. These are usually determined under static equilibrium conditions but dynamic adsorption conditions operating in gas purification bear little relationship to these results. Isotherms indicate the affinity of the adsorbent for the adsorbate but do not relate the contact time or the amount of adsorbent required to reduce the adsorbate from one concentration to another. Factors which influence the service time of an adsorbent bed include the grain size of the adsorbent depth of adsorbent bed gas velocity temperature of gas and adsorbent pressure of the gas stream concentration of the adsorbates concentration of other gas constituents which may be adsorbed at the same time moisture content of the gas and adsorbent concentration of substances which may polymerize or react with the adsorbent adsorptive capacity of the adsorbent for the adsorbate over the concentration range applicable over the filter or carbon bed efficiency of adsorbate removal required. 

Bundle is removable. require provision for expansion and danger of rupture can ... 

Where higher quality water is required, there is no single technology that can provide all the answers to impurity removal requirements. Consequently, it is common practice to employ two, three, or even more processes in sequence. In view of the different water sources, final quality requirements, and permutations of technologies and subsets, there is no universally agreed upon order in which the technologies are sequenced. Nevertheless, there are some purification processes that, because of specific technical or economic advantage, enjoy popular appeal and are commonly specified. 

Upward diffusion of water vapor through the cold temperatures of the tropopause is very inefficient in fact, the upper limit of cloud formation often occurs at the tropopause. Thus the stratosphere is so dry as to prevent rain formation, and particles and gases have very much longer residence times there than in the troposphere. Stratospheric removal requires diffusion back through the tropopause, which then may be followed by precipitation scavenging. 

What is the batch time requirement for the reactor operating isothermally at 60°F. How must the heat removal requirement vary during the batch in order to maintain the batch temperature constant ... 

Particulate removal requirements vary depending on the use of the product gas. For example, particulate levels must be reduced to below 50 mg/Nm3 for gas engines and below about 15 mg/Nm3 (>5 im) for turbines, and to perhaps 0.02 mg/Nm3 for synthesis gas systems. The primary types of systems include cyclonic filters, barrier filters, electrostatic filters, and wet scrubbers. 

Efficient odor removal. Requires periodic cleaning and maintenance ... 

Can be selective (multistage) Flash regeneration when only bulk removal required Commercial - designed for high acid-gas pressures, bulk removal 1,3,5... 

Extent of removal required by downstream processing will also dictate the choice of process. Complete removal of H2S to prevent poisoning of downstream catalysts may require both a liquid absorption step and a solid-bed trace sulfur removal step, such as zinc oxide. 

Similar to the TGA experiments, in situ Infrared Spectroscopy has been used to follow the amide bond stretching frequencies while heating under various atmospheres. ° These experiments (see Fig. 7.2) suggest that dendrimer removal requires relatively forcing conditions to maximize CO adsorption on supported Pt catalysts prepared from A variety of activation conditions have been... 

The volumes V can be pulled out of the time derivatives because they are constant (see Sec. 3.3). The flows are all equal to F but can vary with time. An energy equation is not required because we have assumed iso ermal operation. Any heat addition or heat removal required to keep the reactors at constant temperatures could be calculated from a steadystate energy balance (zero time derivatives of temperature). 

For MCFC SOFC, no high temperature shift, low temperature shift, nor CO removal required. 

Hydrotreating reduces the sulfur content of product streams from sour crudes by 90% or more. Nitrogen removal requires more severe operating conditions, but generally 80% reductions or better are accomplished. 

While working on a BBC documentary on Einstein s brain, Kevin Hull, the producer, made a stunning discovery Einstein s eyes were removed by his opthalmologist, Dr. Henry Abrams of Loveladies, New Jersey. Abrams reportedly took the eyes with the permission of the hospital administrator. The removal required twenty minutes using a scissors and forceps. 

In the oil and gas industry, the term abandonment generally refers to the activities undertaken to remove the structures used to sustain oil and gas production after the production is ceased. The structures range from a few tonnes of steel on the seabed to a complete platform constructed from around 30000 tonnes of steel framework. The task of removal requires extremely detailed and careful planning as well as substantial resources. Explosives are very efficient tools for cutting steel underwater and have been the preferred choice of many offshore operators for over 40 years. Also explosives offer the flexibility of a single controlled cut or multiple simultaneous cuts for remote and safe toppling of very large structures [129]. 

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